Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland

ST ANDREWS
sprang up in the export to iron-works on the Tyne of
calcined ironstone from workings near Strathkinness,
but this did not last, and the port sank again to the
position of a sub- port, and the shipping trade, parti-
cularly since the opening of the railway, has become
very small, and is confined to export of grain and pota-
toes; and import of coal, timber, guano, salt, and slates.
The harbour, formed along the small natural creek at
the mouth of the Kinness Burn, has a pier extending
eastward for about 420 feet from high-water mark, and
outer and inner basins. At low water it is dry except
for the stream flowing through it, and even at high
water there is not sufficient depth of water to admit
fully-laden vessels of more than 100 tons, and the en-
trance, which is narrow, and is exposed to the roll of
the sea when the wind is easterly, is dangerous. Two
guiding lights— the one a red light at the end of the
pier, and the other a bright white light on a turret of
the cathedral north wall— when brought into line indi-
cate a vessel's course for the harbour. There were be-
longing to the port (1894) 25 first-class, 18 second-class,
and 3 third-class boats engaged in the herring fishing.
Municipality, etc.— Created a royal burgh in 1140, St
Andrews is now governed by a provost, 4 bailies, a
Seal of St Andrews.
dean of guild, a treasurer, and 22 councillors, who also
are police commissioners, but the police force itself forms
part of that of the county. The corporation revenue is
about £1000 per annum. The burgh boundaries were
extended in 1860, and a thorough system of drainage
was introduced in 1864-65, and in 1894 new drainage and
sewerage works were undertaken by the corporation, to
cost over £1300. Gas is supplied by a private company,
with works near the harbour. The town has a head
post office, with money order, savings bank, insurance,
and telegraph departments, branch offices of the Bank
of Scotland, Clydesdale Bank, Commercial Bank, and
Royal Bank, a National Security Savings Bank, and
several excellent hotels. A newspaper — the St Andrews
Citizen and Fife News (1871) — issued on Saturday, is
printed at Cupar-Fife. The public reading-room and
library was established in 1845, and acquired in 1847
the books belonging to the old subscription library. In
1867 the books of the St Andrews subscription library
were acquired by purchase, and subsequently, in return
for a sum of money voted by the town council from the
Bell Fund for the purpose of clearing off debt, the whole
library was declared public property. Other institutions
and associations are a branch of the Royal National
Lifeboat Institution, with a lifeboat; a volunteer life
brigade, with a rocket apparatus; a troop of the Fife
Volunteer Light Horse, a battery of artillery volunteers
(one of the guns of which is a Russian trophy), a com-
pany of rifle volunteers, with the headquarters of the
ST ANDREWS
5th Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Highlanders, a
drill hall, baths, a memorial cottage hospital, a fever
hospital, two masonic lodges, a young men's Christian
association, a horticultural society, an archery club, a
curling club, a skating pond, a bowling club, the St An-
drews Golf Club (the Mechanics from 1843 to 1851), the
St Andrews Thistle Golf Club (1865), the Royal and
Ancient Golf Club already noticed, and several other
golf clubs, including one for ladies. There is a marine
laboratory and fish hatchery on the East Bents, opposite
the harbour. There is a weekly corn market on Mon-
day, a fair on the second Monday of April, and feeing
markets on the second Tuesday of August and the Mon-
day after the 10th November. Sheriff small debt courts
for the parishes of St Andrews, St Leonards, Kingsbarns,
Dunino, Cameron, Forgan, Ferry Port on Craig, and
Leuchars, are held on the third Mondays of January,
April, July, and October. Justice of peace courts for
granting licences for the sale of excisable liquors for
the county are held on the third Tuesday of April and
the last Tuesday of October; and burgh licensing courts
are held on the second Tuesday of April and the third
Tuesday of October. The burgh unites with Cupar,
Easter and Wester Anstruther, Crail, Kilrenny, and
Pittenweem in sending a member to parliament, and is
the returning burgh. Parliamentary constituency (1896)
1041, municipal 1413. Valuation (1885) £36,083, 4s.
6d., (1896) £46,610, including railways. Pop. (1801)
3263, (1831) 4462, (1881) 6406, (1891) 6853, of whom
3928 were females.
See also Martine's History of St Rule's Chapel (St
Andrews, 1787), and his Reliquiae Divi Andrece (St An-
drews, 1797); Grierson's Delineations of St Andrews
(1807; 3d ed. 1838); Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancte
Andree (Bannatyne Club, 1841); C. J. Lyon's History
of St Andrews (1843); C. Roger's History of St Andrews
(1849); 'Early Ecclesiastical Settlementsof St Andrews,'
by Dr Skene, in the Proc. Soc. Antiquaries of Scotland
for 1860-62; J. M. Anderson's University of St Andrews
(Cupar, 1878); D. Hay Fleming's Register of the Kirk-
Session of St Andrews (2 vols. Scottish Hist. Soc. 1889-
90); Andrew Lang's St Andrews (Lond. 1894); and the.
Rev. A. K. H. Boyd's Twenty-five Years of St Andrews
(2 vols. 1892), and St Andrews and Elsewhere (1895).
St Andrews, a parish, united quoad civilia to Deer-
ness, in the SE of the Mainland of Orkney, whose church
stands near the W shore of Deer Sound, 6 miles ESE of
the post-town, Kirkwall, whilst Deerness church, on the
E coast, is 12 miles ESE of Kirkwall by road, though
only 9J as the crow flies. It is bounded NW by Kirk-
wall parish and Inganess Bay, N by Shapinsay Sound,
NE, E, and SE by the North Sea, and SW by Holm
parish; and it is deeply indented by Deer Sound, which,
penetrating the land for 5J miles south-westward and
south-south-eastward, alternately broadens and con-
tracts, from 3§ miles to 1 mile, from 1J mile to 5 fur-
longs, and from 2 miles to 1\ furlongs. The parish
thus consists of two natural divisions, connected by a
sandy isthmus only 250 yards broad — St Andrews proper
to the W and Deerness to the E. The former has an
extreme length from NW to SE of 5| miles, and a vary-
ing width of \ mile and 5§ miles; the latter has an
extreme length from SSW to NNB of 5 miles, and an
extreme breadth of 3 miles; and the area of the whole
is 12,830 acres. The coast is in places sandy, in places
rocky, and sometimes precipitous ; and the interior rises
in St Andrews to 183, in Deerness at the Ward Hill to
285, feet above sea-level. The shallow fresh-water Loch
of Tankerness (7 x i\ furl. ; 13 feet above the sea), lies
5 furlongs N of St Andrews church. The predominant
rock is Old Red Sandstone, with interesting dykes of
trap; and the soil is capable of much improvement. A
curious cavern, the Gloup, has been noticed separately.
Tankerness Hall, near the NW shore of Deer Sound, is
the chief residence. In the presbytery of Kirkwall and
synod of Orkney, the civil parish since 1845 has been
ecclesiastically divided into St Andrews and Deerness,
the former a living worth £298. St Andrews church
was built in 1801, and contains 400 sittings. There is
1433