Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland

ST ANDREWS
quadrangle were erected between that date and 1847 at
a cost of £18,600, the money being granted by Govern-
ment. The entrance to the quadrangle is underneath a
lofty tower at the W corner of the S side. It is a tall
square structure, with a stumpy octagonal spire, the
whole rising to a height of 156 feet. The College or St
Leonard's Church, immediately to the E, is now looked
on as the parish church of St Leonards, its use for that
purpose dating from the early part of the 18th century.
It contains a very elaborate monument to Bishop Ken-
nedy, the founder of the college, said to have cost a sum
equal to £10,000 sterling. It was greatly injured by
the fall of the stone roof of the church about the middle
of the 18th century. The tomb was opened in 1683,
when six silver maces were found in it, of which three
were presented to the other Scottish Universities and
the remaining three were retained by the University of
St Andrews. One of these last, which was made in
Paris by Bishop Kennedy's orders in 1461, is very fine.
In the vestibule of the church is a flat stone marking
the grave of Dr Hugh Spens, principal of the College
(1505-29); and on the N wall is a marble monument
erected by his brother officers to the memory of the
eldest son of the late Provost Playfair — Lieutenant W.
D. Playfair, who fell at Sobraon in 1846. There is a
good museum; and in the hall are portraits of John
Hunter, Sir David Brewster, James D. Forbes, all of
whom were principals; of Professors Ferrier and Mac-
donald, and others. At the union of the colleges of St
Leonard and St Salvator in 1747 the buildings of the
former, which were in South Street, near the E end,
were sold, and now the ruined walls of the chapel
alone remain. "When Dr Johnson and Boswell were
so hospitably entertained by the St Andrews pro-
fessors this building was used as a ' kind of green-
house,' and, adds the Doctor, 'to what use it will
next be put I have no pleasure in conjecturing;' but,
as he had always been hindered by some excuse from
entering it, he admits that it was ' something that its
present state is at least not ostentatiously displayed.
Where there is yet shame there may in time be virtue. '
It was afterwards used as an outhouse, but the virtue
came in 1838, when it was cleared out, and since then
the ruin has been properly cared for. It contains a fine
monument to Robert Stuart, Earl of March, who died in
1611, and another in memory of Robert Wilkie, prin-
cipal of the college (1589-1611). The official residence
of'GeorgeBuchananwhen he was principal here (1566-70),
a short distance S of the chapel, was the property and
residence of Sir David Brewster when he was principal
of the United College (1838-59). St Mary's College
occupies the site of the old Pedagogy on the S side of
South Street, the college buildings and University
library forming two blocks at right angles, the library
and the principal's residence being on the N, and the
lecture rooms and old dihing-hall on the W. The
library, a plain structure, built at the expense of the
University in 1764, and since greatly improved in 1829,
superseded an older building which had been used as
a provincial meeting-place for the Scottish parliament.
It is divided into four large halls, the principal one
76 feet long, 28 wide, and 28 high. There are portraits
of Cardinal David Beaton, George Buchanan, John Knox,
Adam Fergusson, Bruce of Grangehill and Falkland (pro-
fessor of logic at Edinburgh), Archbishop Spottiswoode,
George Wishart, Principal Tulloch, and several of the
chancellors. The nucleus of the present library was
established in 1610 by the union of the libraries of the
three colleges, and James VI., under whose auspices this
took place, made a valuable gift of books to the new in-
stitution. Subsequent benefactors have been numerous,
and there are now over 100,000 printed volumes and 160
MSS. Among the rarities may be specially mentioned
a copy of the Koran that belonged to Tippoo Saib, a copy
of Quintilian (1465), a Latin translation of the Iliad
(1497), and ihePlvrases of Stephanus, both of which be-
longed to George Buchanan, and contain notes in his
handwriting; a copy of the Canons of the Council of Trent
that belonged to James Melvil, a fine MS. of the works
1432
ST ANDREWS
of St Augustine, a MS. of Wyntoun's Cronykil, written
in the latter part of the reign of James IV. ; and the
original copy of the Solemn League and Covenant, sub-
scribed at St Andrews in 1643, and containing upwards
of 1600 signatures. To the S of the buildings are the
college gardens. St Andrews College Hall, to the SSW
of the cathedral, opened in 1861, and belonging to a
joint-stock company with a capital of £5000, serves as
a residence for young gentlemen attending the Univer-
sity. It has accommodation for about 30 students, and
is conducted by a warden, a tutor, and such other
teachers as may be required. A building intended as
a residence for lady students at the University was
erected in 1894-95 at an estimated cost of £5000.
The Madras College, off the S side of South Street
near the W end, was opened in October 1833, and
superseded the old grammar and burgh schools. It was
founded in terms of a bequest by Dr Bell, who was the
first to introduce the monitorial or Madras system of
school management. Dr Bell, who was the son of a
hairdresser in St Andrews, and was educated at the
University here, became, after various vicissitudes of
fortune, superintendent of a male orphan asylum at
Madras under the Honourable East India Company, and
there originated his monitorial system. At his death
he left a very large fortune, £120,000 of which was to
be spent in the erection and maintenance of schools on
his favourite system, and of this sum £60,000 was set
apart for St Andrews, while the sums of £52 and £25
paid by the town as salaries to the masters of the former
grammar and burgh schools have, since the opening of
the new institution, been paid over to its funds. At
first there were only two masters, but now there are
masters of English, classics, mathematics and arithmetic,
science, etc., modern languages, book-keeping, writing,
and shorthand, drawing and painting, vocal and instru-
mental music, and gymnastics; second masters in Eng-
lish and classics, and a teacher of sewing. The grounds
cover a space of about 4 acres, and the school buildings
are ranged round a quadrangle near the centre. A
detached building to the W, built subsequently, con-
tains 3 additional classrooms, and accommodation is
provided altogether for 1540 scholars. At the two-
front corners of the ground adjoining South Street are
houses for the English and classical masters, which
provide accommodation for a considerable number of
boarders. The college is now managed under the
Educational Endowments (Scotland) Act. Connected
with it is the Madras College Club, founded in 1871.
Under the Burgh School Board the Burgh, East End,
and Infant schools, with accommodation for 568, 359,
and 369 pupils, have attendances of about 510, 170,
and 300, and grants amounting to nearly £590, £140,
and £255. There are also a number of private board-
ing and day schools for boys and girls.
Trade, etc. — During the 15th and 16th centuries St
Andrews was one of the most important seaports to the
N of the Forth, and was resorted to by merchant vessels
from Holland, Flanders, France, and all the trading
districts in Europe. The number of vessels in port at
the time of the great annual local fair called the Senzie
Markets — held in the priory grounds in April — is even
said to have been from 200 to 300, but if this be so they
must have been of small tonnage, and probably not
larger than a fair-sized herring boat. The trade, how-
ever, seems to have departed during the Reformation
troubles, and in 1656 Tucker, one of Cromwell's Com-
missioners of Customs — who described the town as 'a
pretty neat thing which hath formerly been bigger,
and although sufficiently humbled in the time of the
intestine troubles, continues still proud in the mines of
her former magnificence' — mentions that there was
only 1 vessel of 20 tons burden belonging to the port,
while upwards of a century later we find that there
were only 2 small vessels. By 1838 these had in-
creased to 14 vessels of, aggregately, 680 tons; and
bonded warehouses having been subsequently fitted up,
the place became a head port and yielded a custom*
revenue of about £700 a year. A great trade als©