New volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica > Volume 30, K-MOR

172
LAZARUS —LEAD
mass of materials for scholars to work upon, these two
books of Layard’s are among the best-written books of
travel in the language.
Layard now turned to politics. Elected as a Liberal
member for Aylesbury in 1852, he was for a few weeks
Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, but afterwards freely
criticized the Government, especially in connexion with
army administration. He was present in the Crimea
during the war, and was a member of the committee
appointed to inquire into the conduct of the expedition.
In 1855 he refused from Lord Palmerston an office not
connected with foreign affairs, was elected Lord Rector
of Aberdeen University, and on 15th June moved a
resolution in the House of Commons (defeated by a large
majority) declaring that in public appointments merit
had been sacrificed to private influence and an adherence
to routine. After being defeated at Aylesbury in 1857,
he visited India to investigate the causes of the Mutiny.
He unsuccessfully contested York in 1859, but was elected
for Southwark in 1860, and from 1861 to 1866 was Under
Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the successive administra¬
tions of Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell. In
1866 he was appointed a trustee of the British Museum,
and in 1868 Chief Commissioner of Works in Mr Glad¬
stone’s Government and a member of the Privy Council.
He retired from Parliament in 1869, on being sent as
Envoy Extraordinary to Madrid. In 1877 he was appointed
by Lord Beaconsfield ambassador at Constantinople, where
he remained until Mr Gladstone’s return to power in 1880,
when he finally retired from public life. In 1878, on the
occasion of the Berlin Conference, he received the order
of the Grand Cross of the Bath. Layard’s political life
was a somewhat stormy one. His manner was brusque,
and his advocacy of the causes which he had at heart,
though always perfectly sincere, was vehement to the point
sometimes of recklessness. Layard retired to Venice,
where he devoted much of his time to collecting pictures
of the Venetian school, and to writing on Italian art.
On this subject he was a disciple of his friend Morelli,
whose views he embodied in his revision of Kugler’s
Handbook of Painting, Italian Schools (1887). He
wrote also an introduction to Miss Ffoulkes’s transla¬
tion of Morelli’s Italian Painters (1892—93), and edited
that part of Murray’s Handbook of Rome (1894) which
deals with pictures. In 1887 he published, from notes
taken at the time, a record of his first journey to the
East, entitled Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and
Babylonia. An abbreviation of this work, which as a
book of travel is even more delightful than its prede¬
cessors, was published in 1894, shortly after the author’s
death, with a brief introductory notice by Lord Aberdare.
Layard also from time to time contributed papers to
various learned societies, including the Huguenot Society,
of which he was first president. He died in London on
5th July 1894. (a. gl.)
Lazarus, Henry (1815-1895),Britishclarinettist,
was born in London, 1st January 1815, and was a pupil
of Blizard, bandmaster of the Royal Military Asylum,
Chelsea, and subsequently of Charles Godfrey, senior,
bandmaster of the Coldstream Guards. He made his first
appearance as a soloist at a concert of Mme. Dulcken’s,
in April 1838, and in that year he was appointed as
second clarinet to the Sacred Harmonic Society. From
Willman’s death in 1840 Lazarus was principal clarinet at
the opera, and all the chief festivals and orchestral concerts.
His beautiful tone, excellent phrasing, and accurate
execution were greatly admired. He was professor of
the clarinet at the Royal Academy of Music from 1854
until within a short time of his death, and was appointed
to teach his instrument at the Military School of Music
Kneller Hall, in 1858. His last public appearance was at
a concert got up for his benefit in St James’s Hall, in
June 1892, and he died 6th March 1895. (j. a. f. m.)
Lead, a city .of Lawrence county, South Dakota,.
U.S.A. It is in the- Black Hills, in a prosperous mining
region, and is entered by two railways. Population (1890),
2581 ; (1900), 6210, of whom 2145 were foreign-born.
Lead.—In the last twenty years of the 19th cen¬
tury the lead-smelting industry underwent important
changes. Most of these were the result of new
conditions arising in the United States, where Sme,tinz-
the treatment of the ores is carried out, not in small works
near the mines, but in large centrally-situated smelting
plants, to which the ores are shipped from various
mining regions. As the competition is considerable,
all the details of work have been greatly improved,,
the cost reduced, and the yield increased. Lead ores are
smelted in the reverberatory furnace, the ore-hearth, and
the blast-furnace. The use of the first two is restricted, as
they are suited only for galena ores (the more common) or
mixtures of galena and carbonate, which contain not less
than 58 per cent, lead and not more than 4 per cent,
silica ; further, ores to be treated in the ore-hearth should
run low in or be free from silver, as the loss in the fumes
is excessive. In the blast-furnace all lead ores are suc¬
cessfully smelted. Blast-furnace treatment has therefore
become more general than any other.
To the two methods of working in the reverberatory
furnace, represented by the English and Carinthian
furnaces (described in Ency. Brit. vol. xiv. p. 375) a
third, the Silesian, must be added. While by the former
processes as much lead as possible is extracted in the-
furnace, with the Silesian method a very low temperature
is used, thus taking out about one-half of the lead and
leaving very rich slags (50 per cent, lead) to be smelted in
the blast-furnace, the ultimate result being a very much
higher yield than by either of the other processes. The
Silesian furnace has an oblong hearth, 16 feet by 8 feet
10 inches, sloping from the fire-bridge to the flue-bridge.
This causes the lead to collect at the coolest part of the
hearth, whence it is tapped, &c., as in the English furnace.
A charge of 6180 pounds galena ore (70 per cent, lead) is
worked in twelve hours with three men, 0-46 ton of coal
being consumed per ton of ore charged. The loss in lead
by the combined reverberatory and blast-furnace treat¬
ment is only 3-2 per cent.
In the hearth process the blocks of cast-iron forming
the sides and back of the Scottish furnace (see Ency. Brit.
vol. xiv. p. 375) are now generally replaced in the United
States by water-cooled shells (water-jackets) of cast-iron.
In this way continuous working has been rendered possible,
whereas formerly operations had to be stopped every twelve
or fifteen hours to allow the over-heated blocks and furnace
to cool down. The latest improvement (which somewhat
changes the mode of working) is that by Moffett. While
he also prevents interruption of the operation by means
of water-jackets, he uses hot-blast, and produces, besides
metallic lead, large volumes of lead fumes which are
drawn off by fans through long cooling tubes, and then
forced through suspended bags which filter off the dust,
called blue powder. This, a mixture of lead sulphate (45
per cent.) and oxide (44 per cent.) with some sulphide (8
per cent.), zinc, and carbonaceous matter, is agglomerated
by a heap-roast, and then smelted in a slag-eye furnace
with gray slag from the ore-hearth. The furnace has,
however, in addition to the usual tuyeres near the bottom,
a second set near the throat in order to effect a complete
oxidation of all combustible matter. Much fume is thu&