118                 A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.

Astringents are drugs which aid in checking secretions such as
diarrhoea and dysentery :—

Gallic or tannic acid may be given in doses from 2 to 4 drs.
combined with opium. These acids should not be combined with
metallic salts:—

Carminatives, cordials, or digestive tonics.—Warm stimulating
drugs generally possessing an agreeable taste and odour, such as
aromatic seeds, spices. They dispel flatus, allay griping, temporarily
restore exhausted strength and rouse the system. They are generally
given mixed with ghee, jaggery, by mahouts, under the name
of mussauls. They are also beneficial combined with stimulants,
rum, brandy, especially to an animal suffering from cold and
fatigue.

The more important are turmeric, garlic, cardamoms, nutmeg,
cinnamon, coriander, aniseed, ginger, caraway, allspice, cloves, mace,
cummin, mustard seeds, long pepper, black pepper, fennel, fenu-
greek, liquorice, omum and assafœtida. Dose ½ oz. twice a day ;
but of all these drugs as much as 2 ozs. per diem may be given.
Capsicum is useful in doses from ½ to 1½ drs.