9. To what extent may Frederick Barbarossa be said to have sacrificed Germany to
his imperial ambitions ?
10. To what extent was France a united country with a strong monarchy by the end of
the thirteenth century ?
11. What caused the Great Schism and why did it last so long ?
12. Why were Spain and Portugal in the forefront of the great explorations of the
fifteenth century ?
13. Write notes on two of the following:—
the Spartan constitution; the invasion of Xerxes; Aristotle; Cicero; the Roman
conquest of Gaul; Gregory the Great; Otto the Great; the Universities in the
thirteenth century; the Hanseatic League; the Peace of Arras.
SECTION II (MODERN (TO 1939))
14. EITHER
(a) How serious was the Turkish threat to Europe in the sixteenth century and what
steps were taken to meet it ?
OR
(&) Trace the course of the Lutheran Reformation and estimate its success by the
time of the Peace of Augsburg (1555).
15. “ The French Wars of Religion were not fought over religious differences alone.”
What were the issues ?
16. For what reasons and to what extent may it be said that Spain was in decline by the
end of the sixteenth century ?
17. EITHER
(a) How do you account for the greatness of either the Dutch Republic or Sweden
in the seventeenth century ?
OR
(b) What were the effects of the Thirty Years War on Germany ?
18. “ Louis XIV tackled none of the real problems facing his country.” Do you agree ?
19. What was Frederick IPs contribution to the development of Prussia ?
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