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652
A R M Y.
Hanove¬
rian army,
Army. The king of Saxony having lost his liberty in consequence
—^ of the result of that disastrous day, his army was dissolved
and replaced by a landwehr of from 10,000 to 12,000 men,
which followed in the train of the allied armies when they
invaded France. In 1815, however, the army was recon¬
stituted to the extent of a third of its former strength ; and
underwent various changes until 1824, when it was finally
placed on the footing on which it now stands. The infantry
at present consists of two companies of grenadier guards
of 100 men each, four regiments of infantry of three bat¬
talions each, two battalions of light infantry, one battalion of
carabineers, and one of chasseurs; in all sixteen battalions
of four companies each, or 9984 men. The cavalry, which
formerly consisted of horse guards, cuirassiers, hulans, and
hussars, has been transformed into four regiments of light
horse, consisting of four squadrons of two companies each,
or 467 men on the footing of peace ; in all 1872. The ar¬
tillery consists of one regiment* making twelve companies,
two of which are horse, amounting to 1060 sub-officers and
soldiers, together with a train of 189 men and as many horses.
A dozen officers without troops, and a company of sappers
67 strong, compose the engineer department. The institu¬
tions connected with the army are a school for cadets, and
a military academy, both at Dresden. The reputation of
the Saxon infantry is low ; but the cavalry is better than the
infantry, and is well qualified for the service of the advanced
posts, which was its usual destination under Napoleon.1
The composition of the Hanoverian army was fixed by
a royal decree of the 14th July 1820. The infantry con¬
sists of twelve regiments of two battalions each, and the bat¬
talion is divided into four companies. There are two of
these regiments guards; and the whole are divided into three
brigades, the first consisting of five regiments, the second of
four, and the third of three. Each regiment consists of 42
officers and 1284 men. There are eight regiments of cavalry,
two of cuirassiers of the guard, four of hussars, and two of
hulans; and each regiment is composed of four squadrons,
48 officers, 433 men, and 403 horses. The artillery con¬
sists of one regiment of two battalions, each divided into
three companies, one of which is horse, and contains 70 of¬
ficers, 1158 men, and 210 horses. The corps of engineers
and artificers consists of 19 officers and 46 men. The ar¬
tillery is of the English model and calibre, and its batteries,
both horse and foot, consist of six pieces and a howitzer each.
The total strength of the army, therefore, including the staff',
amounts to 825 officers, 20,091 men, and 3431 horse. The
period of service in the infantry of the guard is four years
only, but in all the other corps six years. The cavalry and
artillery are recruited as much as possible from volunteers.
The Hanoverians make excellent soldiers; and it is well
known that, during the Peninsular campaigns, no part of the
Duke of Wellington’s army more frequently distinguished
itself than the King’s German Legion, which was almost ex¬
clusively composed of Hanoverian volunteers.2
Bavarian The Bavarian is one of the largest of the third-rate ar-
army. mies. Its infantry consists of a regiment of grenadiers of
the guard in three battalions, of 16 regiments of the line in
two, and of four battalions of chasseurs ; presenting an
effective force of 39 battalions, or 53,420 men. Its cavalry
is composed of four regiments of cuirassiers in four squad¬
rons each, and six regiments of light horse in six squadrons;
forming a total of 56 squadrons, or 6944 men, and horses
in proportion. The artillery corps, commanded by a lieu¬
tenant-general, consists of one regiment of cannoneers of
two battalions, one regiment of horse artillery, and one Army,
regiment of artificers, pontoneers, sappers, and miners. Each w^ ^
battalion of artillery is divided into six companies, one of Bavarian
which consists of light troops ; and the companies of pon-army.
toneers, miners, and sappers, have each an effective force
of 100 men, including officers. The engineer corps is com¬
posed of a general, a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, two ma¬
jors, two captains, eight lieutenants of the first class, eight
of the second, and six conductors, and is divided among
the five directions of Munich, Augsburg, Nuremberg,
Wurtzburg, and Lindau. The Bavarian army, therefore,
consists of 53,420 infantry, 6944 cavalry, 5580 artillery,
1464 train, and 150 artificers; in all 67,558. Every Ba¬
varian, the clergy only excepted, is obliged to bear arms in
defence of his country ; but, in practice, students and per¬
sons necessary to their families are usually exempted ; and
permission is likewise granted to serve by substitute. The
method of recruitment is conscription. Besides the per¬
manent army, there is a reserve destined to reinforce it;
and, in the event of war, the landwehr may be equally called
upon to support the army, when reinforced by the battalions
of the reserve, but only in the interior. The landwehr is
divided into two classes, one of which comprehends those
who are least capable of performing active service, and who
cannot in any case be employed beyond the limits of their
district. In time of peace it co-operates in the mainten¬
ance of public tranquillity, when put in requisition for that
purpose, and when the troops of the line are deemed in¬
sufficient. The Bavarian army is well organized, and has
always maintained a respectable character for discipline
and bravery. The cavalry is considered superior to the in¬
fantry.3
The small army of Wurtemberg requires only a brief Armies of
notice. Its infantry consists of 8 regiments of 2 battalions, A'urtem-
divided each into 4 companies ; its cavalry, of a squadron berS and
of guards, a squadron of chasseurs, and 4 regiments of horse,l a t u'
each divided into 4 squadrons ; its artillery, of a regiment
of 6 companies, 3 horse and 3 foot, besides a garrison com¬
pany : but it has no engineer corps distinct from that of
the artillery. Its peace establishment is composed of 368
officers, 1504 sub-officers, and 5184 soldiers ; or 6996 com¬
batants, and 1806 horse : on a war footing it would amount
to 520 officers, 2302 sub-officers, and 14,508 soldiers, or
17,330 combatants, and 5228 horse. The Wurtemberg
army is recruited by voluntary enrolment and forced levies.
The military age is from 18 to 30 for enrolment, and from
20 to 25 for levies ; and, in both cases, the elite of the po¬
pulation only is taken. This little army is well officered,
and enjoys some consideration. The grand duchy of Baden,
the seventh state of the Germanic confederation, has a su¬
perficies of 279 square miles, with a population of 1,108,000
souls, and supports a military establishment of 12,433 men,
although it is only bound to furnish a division of 10,000
men (the 2d of the third corps) as its contingent.4
The organic law of the military constitution of the Ger-Army of
manic confederation, adopted on the 9th April 1821, in thethe Get'-
fifteenth full sitting of the diet, and forming the basis 0n ™anic c.oU'
which the federal army has been organized, is exceedinglylet eilitl0‘1'
complex, and altogether unsusceptible of analysis within the
space which the limits of this article afford. Its leading pro¬
visions, however, may be shortly stated, and are as follow :
—The army of the confederation is composed of the con¬
tingents of all the states members thereof, raised according
to the formation of their particular matricule or computa-
1 Coup d'CEil sur la Force et VOrganisation de I’Armee Saxonne depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1824. Paris, 1825. Geist der Zeit. Feb. 1821.
bulletin des Scien. Milit. ii. 49.
2 Militdr Blatter, vol. i. p. 183. 1821. Bulletin des Scien. Milit. ii. 55. 1825.
3 Zeitschrift fur Kriegswissenchaft, No. 24, p 242. Hof und Staats Handbuch des Kbnigreichs Bayern. Munich, 1828.
* Allegemeine Militdr Zeitung, No. 10, 1828. Bulletin des Scien. Milit. tom. vi. p. 65.