Encyclopaedia Britannica > Volume 3, Anatomy-Astronomy

A R M Y.
645
Army, in respect of their particular organization, may be considered,
in time of peace, as constituting a distinct force. Military
Croatia comprehends six districts, each of them furnishing a
regiment, which bears the name of the chief place of the dis¬
trict, and consists of 12 companies. The service of these
regiments in time of peace is confined to guarding the cor¬
don. Similar service is rendered by the regiment of gens
d’armes in Lombardy, and the military cordon in Galizia.
I he light infantry is composed of the imperial regiment of
Tyrolese riflemen, consisting of 4 battalions of 4 companies
each ; 12 battalions of chasseurs, 4 companies each in time
of peace, and 6, with a depot company, in time of war ; 17
national frontier infantry regiments, and 1 Illyrian Banatisch
battalion. A company of chasseurs consists of 195 men, in¬
cluding officers. The garrison battalions, composed of a sort
of demi-invalids, unfit for the service of the line, are stationed,
1 in Buckowina, 1 in Esclavonia, 1 in Hungary, 1 in Dal¬
matia, and 1 in Lombardy, and consist each of six companies,
with the same complement of officers and non-commissioned
officers as the companies of the line. The divisions of in¬
fantry of the staff (stabs-vnfanterie-division), are composed
in the same manner; and organized, in time of war, for the
purpose of guarding the headquarters and the magazines of
the army, and of removing the wounded from the field of
battle to the nearest hospitals. The number of battalions
of the landwehr is seventy. In each district of country
(Hungary, Transylvania, and Italy excepted) assigned for
the recruitment of a regiment, two battalions of landwehr
are raised and attached to such regiment; the one contain¬
ing the men who are the least necessary to their families,
and the most proper for the service, and the other, the sur¬
plus of those who are obliged to form part of the landwehr.
The first battalion is exercised fifteen days in the year, the
second only eight hours. The commandants receive their
orders from the colonel of the regiment of the line to which
their battalions are respectively attached. The landwehr is
principally destined for the service of the interior; but it
may also be sent to an active army. In either case it is paid
the same as the troops of the line.
The cavalry consists of 8 regiments of cuirassiers, 6 of
dragoons, 7 of light horse, 11 of hussars (exclusive of the
frontier regiment), and 4 of hulans ; together with, in time
of war, the dragoons of the staff {stabs-dragonner); all raised,
like the infantry, in different provinces, viz., 3 regiments of
cuirassiers in Bohemia, 3 in Moravia, 1 in Lower Austria,
and 1 in Central Austria; 3 regiments of dragoons in Mo¬
ravia, 1 in Upper and Lower Austria, and 1 in Lower and
Central Austria; 1 regiment of light horse in Moravia, 4 in
Bohemia, 1 in Galizia, and 1 in Italy. The hussars of the
11 regiments are all either Hungarians or Transylvanians.
The regiments of hulans consist of inhabitants of Galizia
and volunteers. In time of peace, the regiments of cuiras¬
siers and dragoons consist of 6 squadrons, and the other
regiments of 8; making in all 260 squadrons. Two squad¬
rons make a division ; and, in regiments which have 8 squad¬
rons or 4 divisions, 2 are commanded by the majors. The
dragoons of the staff, of which there are several divisions in
time of war, have the same destination as the infantry at¬
tached to it, and are besides employed in repressing dis¬
orders committed by marauders, and in other like services.1
4 he artilUn-y is divided into three parts, or distinct corps,
viz., the field artillery (feld artillerie); the artillery of the
arsenals and magazins {feld zeugamt); and garrison artillery
(garnison artillerie). The field-artillery consists of a corps
of bombardiers, 5 regiments of field artillery, and a rocket
coips. The corps of bombardiers has a staff, and 5 com¬
panies of 204 men each, including officers. It is recruited
by corporals of artillery, and performs the most difficult as
well as important service to the army. A regiment of field
artillery is composed of a staff* and 4 battalions, one of 6
companies and three others of 4 companies each ; making
in all 18 companies. A company serves three or four bat¬
teries of 6 pieces; and each battery is commanded by a lieu¬
tenant or major-firemaster. The train of the army furnishes
the horsing of the batteries, which is under the command of
officers of that corps, and generally independent of the chiefs
of batteries, but subordinate to them in this particular ser¬
vice. I he rocket corps is established at Neustadt, near
Vienna, where it has for some years been occupied in fabri¬
cating Congreve rockets, we believe with considerable suc¬
cess. The artillery of the arsenals and magazins, consist¬
ing of a staff and personnel of the necessary workmen, fur¬
nishes^ the field artillery, and the equipages of war, with the
requisite arms and munitions, and it guards them when in
magazine. The garrison artillery, charged with the service
in fortresses, is divided into fourteen districts, determined
by the provinces, and proportioned in numbers to these dis¬
tricts. The district of garrison artillery of Vienna compre¬
hends an arsenal, containing all the equipage of sieges; and
attached to it are a foundry, an establishment for boring
cannon, and manufactories of saltpetre and gunpowder.
The engineer department comprehends a corps of en¬
gineers, with the sappers and miners. The pontoon train is
attached to the staff, and is under the direction of an oberst-
schiffamt or chief of boats. The train of corps of military
equipages (militdr-fuhrwesens-corps) is wholly independent.
The engineer corps is composed of 4 generals, 6 colonels,
9 lieutenant-colonels, 18 majors, 42 captains, 30 captains en
second, 30 lieutenants, 30 sub-lieutenants, and 12 cadets.
Each command of military division embraces a district of
fortification ; consequently there are fourteen such districts,
to each of which is attached a director, who is taken from
the generals or officers of the engineer staff. In each place
there is also an engineer-in-chief, who is an officer of the
staff or a captain of engineers ; but in Vienna, Milan, Peter-
waradin, and Venice, the director performs the functions of
chief engineer. The corps of miners is composed of a staff,
five companies, and a garrison detachment; and the corps
of sappers, of a staff like that of the miners, six companies,
and a garrison detachment. The pontoon corps consists of
a staff and 2 battalions of 4 companies each. In time of war
the number of battalions is three, two of which have 6 com¬
panies and one 4; besides a company in depot. The train
or corps of military equipages consists, in time of peace, of
12 divisions of transport (transports-division), and 20 sets
of horses for field batteries (exercier-batterie-bespannung).
Each division is provided with 90 horses; and all the de¬
tachments of the corps stationed in a province are under the
ordei s of a commandant. In time of wrar the military equi¬
page train consists of seven principal divisions, viz., 1. the
artillery transport division; 2. that of pontoons ; 3. that of
flying bridges; 4. that of baking ; 5. that of health for the
its excellence in^anv bloodv eT t ^Perior composition, organization, and discipline of the Austrian cavalry, which has proved
3d September 1796 WaSeben a el lr talel‘t; haS neVer failed to distinguish itself. At the battle of Wiirtzburg,
neau o^rthrew it and lhus iw^nty-four squadrons of cuirassiers, attacked the French cavalry under Bon-
of^ order which’he had received dashedin^'t.he M JL IT “™Prf.Sfd with the ^P01*^6
of the order which he had received, dashed i^he << This raanamvre „‘he add,
^psic°^^ Au^rla^cuirassiers To6110*1 ^ thG ^ witLut stirring rs^^verthrownT At 2 btttL ^
rvJL.U U._J_ ™ cuirassiers,^commanded by Nostitz, “covered themselves with trlorv. ’ On the 16th October, at one o’clock in tin*
. - ^ iiu.a ctwciiteu cue cnarrre without
V05®*'‘,c°vered witl glory.’ On the 16.h October, at one o’clock in th,
threw them* and then brok-e spv VPaSSC e . ®18se at Grobern, attacked the lancers and dragoons of the French imperial guard, over*
threw them, and then broke several squares of infantry. Other instances of a similar kind might be mentioned.