Encyclopaedia Britannica > Volume 3, Anatomy-Astronomy

A P P
of gravel, both being about 3 feet in thickness. The breadth
of this road is only 14 feet. Statius calls it the queen of
roads. Its course is described by Horace, Strabo, and An-
tonine.
APPIAN, an eminent writer of the Roman history in
Greek, under the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He was of
a good family in Alexandria in Egypt; whence he went to
Rome, and there distinguished himself so well as an advo¬
cate, that he was chosen one of the procurators of the empire,
and appointed to the government of a province. He did
not complete the Roman history in a continued series,
but wrote distinct histories of all nations that had been
conquered by the Romans, in which he placed every thing
relating to those nations in the proper order of time. Of
all this voluminous work there remains only what treats
of the Punic, Syrian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with
those against Hannibal, the civil wars, and the wars in 11-
lyricum, and some fragments of the Celtic and Gallic wars.
An excellent edition of Appian was published by Schweig-
hasuser in Greek and Latin, at Leipsic, in 1785, in 3 vols.
8vo. The extracts from the lost books, preserved by various
authors, are collected in this edition.
APPIANI, the name of two eminent painters, who lived
in our own times. Andrea was the best fresco painter of
his age, and imitated the style of Coreggio. He was the
pensioned artist to the kingdom of Italy. His best pictures
are in the vice-regal palace at Milan, and in one of the
churches of that city ; where he was born in 1754, and died
in 1814, of grief, it is said, for the loss of his patron and his
pension. Francesco is said, by Lanzi, to be fully entitled as
a fresco painter to notice in a history of the art. He was a
pupil of Magatta, and had an agreeable style, as appears by
his works at Perugia, where he principally lived. The same
authority mentions that many of his easel pictures went to
Britain. He was born in 1 702, and died in 1792, aged 90;
an instance of “ vigour unexampled except in the case of
Tiziano.”
APPIUS Claudius, a Sabine by birth, one of the prin¬
cipal inhabitants of Regillum. His shining merit having
drawn the envy of his fellow-citizens upon him, he retired
to Rome with all his clan. Appius was admitted among the
patricians, and was made consul with Publius Servilius Prisons
in b.c. 495 ; but he was hated by the plebeians, being an
austere opposer of their demands. The Claudian family
continued long one of the most illustrious of the patrician
tamilies in Rome, and several in succession of the name of
Appius supported the same stern characterthat distinguished
their first founder.
APPLAUSE, an approbation of something, signified by
clapping the hands, still practised in theatres. Applause, in
antiquity, differed from acclamation, as the latter was arti¬
culate and performed with the voice, the former with the
hands. Among the Romans applause was an artificial kind
of noise made by the audience or spectators to express their
satisfaction. There were three species of applause, denomi¬
nated from the different noises made in them, viz., Bomhus,
Imbrices, and Testa;; the first a confused din, made either
hy the hands or the mouth ; the second and third, by beat¬
ing on a sort of sounding vessels placed in the theatres for
this purpose. Persons were instructed to give applause with
skill; and there were even masters who professed to teach
the art. The proficients in this way let themselves out for
hire to the vain-glorious among the poets, actors, &c., and
were properly disposed to support a loud applause. These
they called Laudicceni and So^oKAets. At the end of the
play a loud peal of applause was expected, and even asked
of the audience, either by the chorus or the persons who
spoke last. The formula was Spectatoresplaudite, or Valete
et plaudite. The plausores or applauders were divided into
chori, and disposed in theatres opposite to each other, like
A P P
the choristers in cathedrals, so that there was a kind of con-
cer o app anses. The practice of keeping hired applauders
fdaqueurs) is still maintained in the French theatres.
.ArrLL. Torthedescription of this fruit-tree, see Horti¬
culture.
Apples form a considerable article of commerce, and are
imported to Britain chiefly from France and America The
S'" Wle? ;mP«ed from foreign countries in
18®_™ b'isl;?ls>,lnd from British possessions 2124.
A1 FLLBY, a small market and borough town of Eng¬
land, in the county of Westmoreland, of which it is the capi¬
tal, 13 miles from Penrith. It is situated on a hill, which is
crowned by a very ancient castle, and is almost surrounded
by the river Eden, which is here crossed by a fine old stone
bridge. It consists chiefly of one broad irregularly built
street. Its principal buildings are the castle, two churches,
market-house, town and shire halls, gaol, hospital for thirteen
widows, and the grammar-school, which has six exhibitions
at Queen’s College, Oxford. It is governed by a mayor,
twelve aldermen, and sixteen burgesses, and previous to the
Reform Act, by which it was disfranchised, it sent two mem¬
bers to Parliament. The town possesses little trade, and its
population is decreasing. In 1851 it was 883.
APPLICATION, in Geometry, is used either for divi¬
sion ; for applying one quantity to another, whose areas, but
not figure, shall be the same ; or for transferring a given line
into a circle or other figure, so that its ends shall be in the
perimeter of the figure.
APPRAISER (from ad, to, and pretium, value), one who
rates or sets a value upon goods, &c. It is practised by
brokers of household furniture, to which set of men the word
is chiefly applied; yet upholsterers and other brokers are
employed, or even any person supposed to be skilled in the
commodities to be appraised or valued. See Auctioneer.
APPREHENSION, in Logic, denotes the simple atten¬
tion of the mind to an object presented either to our sense
or our imagination, without passing a judgment or making
an inference.
APPRENTICE (from apprendre, to learn), one who is
bound by covenant to serve a tradesman or artificer a cer¬
tain time, upon condition of the master’s instructing him in
his art or mystery.
By the common law, every person is left at liberty to fol¬
low w hatever trade or employment may be agreeable to him.
But as it was supposed that great injury would result to the
public if unqualified persons were to exercise the various
crafts and mysteries connected with the mechanical trades,
it was specially provided, by the 5th Eliz., that no person
should exercise any art or craft unless he had previously
qualified himself for it by a regular apprenticeship, under
a penalty of L.400 for every month. Considerable doubts
were always entertained as to the trades to which this sta¬
tute applied; and as the courts of law do not seem generally
to have favoured the principle of the statute, their decisions
tended rather to confine than to extend the restriction. It
was at length agreed that the law was only applicable to such
trades as existed at the time of passing the act, and to such
also as implied some mystery or craft. The operation of
the statute was also held to be limited to market-towns, it
being supposed necessary, for the convenience of the inhabi¬
tants of country villages, that the same person should exer¬
cise different trades, even though he had not been regularly
bred by a seven years’ apprenticeship to each. These va¬
rious limitations of the statute gave rise to many very absurd
distinctions, which plainly showed how very unsuitable this
antiquated law was to the present advanced state of the
mechanical trades. It was found, for example, that a coach-
maker could neither himself make nor employ journeymen
to make his coach-wheels, but that it behoved him to buy
them of a master wheelwright, this last trade having been
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Appren¬
tice.