Encyclopaedia Britannica > Volume 3, Anatomy-Astronomy

216
ANN
Annand
Anne
this castle, and that of Hoddam, most of the other old for-
talices and towers are now taken down or in ruins.
ANNAND, William, Dean of Edinburgh, the son of
William Annand, minister of Ayr, was born at Ayr in 1633.
Five years after, his father was obliged to quit Scotland with
his family, on account of their adherence to the king and
to the Episcopal form of church government. In 651
young Annand was admitted a scholar in University Col¬
lege, Oxford; and in 1656, being then bachelor of arts, was
appointed preacher at Weston on the Green, near Bicester
in Oxfordshire. After he had taken the degree of master
of arts, he was presented to the vicarage of Leighton-Buz-
zard in Bedfordshire, where he distinguished himself by his
edifying manner of preaching. In 1662 he went to Scot¬
land as chaplain to John Earl of Middleton, the king’s high
commissioner to the parliament of that kingdom. In the
end of the year 1663 he was instituted to the Tolbooth
Church at Edinburgh, and from thence was removed, some
years after, to the Tron Church of that city. In April 1676
he was nominated by the king to the Deanery of Edinburgh;
and in 1685 he was made doctor of divinity in the university
of St Andrew. He wrote several books on religious and
ecclesiastical subjects. He died on the 13th of June 1689,
and was^interred in the Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh.
ANNAPOLIS, the capital of Maryland, in North Ame¬
rica. It stands on the River Severn, two miles from its en¬
trance into Chesapeake Bay, and is a small but well-built
town, with a handsome state-house, &c. Population in 1850
4198. Lat. 38. 58. 35. N. Long. 76. 33. W.
Annapolis, a county and town of Nova Scotia, on the
Bay of Fundy. The town was the first French settlement
in that part of the world ; but was finally captured by the
English in 1710, and ceded to them at the peace of 1713.
The town is in Lat. 44. 40. N. Long. 65. 37. W. It is
neither populous nor flourishing, but falling into decay. The
harbour, however, is good.
ANNE, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, was born
on the 6th of February 1664. She was the second daughter
of James Duke of York, afterwards James II. She was only
seven years old when her mother, Anne Hyde, died, hav¬
ing previously professed adherence to the Church of Rome,
a step which was immediately imitated by her husband!
1 he Duke, however, had to allow his daughters, the prin¬
cesses Mary and Anne, to be brought up as Protestants;
and Anne always continued to be attached, zealously and
even bigotedly, to the Church of England. In her twen¬
tieth year she was married to Prince George, the brother of
the king of Denmark. In the establishment then formed
or her a place was given on her own earnest desire, to
her early playfellow Lady Churchill, afterwards Duchess of
Marlborough ; and this ambitious and imperious woman,
acquiring rapidly an irresistible authority over the feeble
mind of the princess, thenceforth ruled her absolutely fbr
more than twenty years. Not long afterwards, when the
Duke of York had become king, he made repeated attempts
to convert the princess Anne to his own creed: he emraJed
that, if she would become a Roman Catholic, she shoukfbe
p aced in the line of succession to the throne before her
elder sister Mary. 1 rince George appears to have received
those overtures favourably; but he, an indolent and good-
natured man, who cared for nothing but good eatinS and
field sports, never had any influence over his wife She
remained firm in her Protestantism, lived in retirement
during the whole of her father’s reign, and did not allow her
opinions or feelings any further vent than that which they
found in her private correspondence with the Princess of
Orange. When, in 1688, James’s queen gave birth to a
son, the sisters took a lively interest in the suspicions and
inquiries that arose: and Anne was easily led to believe that
the child was supposititious; though later in her life she must
ANN
have been convinced that he was really her brother. Be¬
fore the landing of the Prince of Orange, Prince George
was pledged to join him ; and his wife and Lady Churchill
abandoned King James on the first opportunity.
From the Revolution till the death of William HI., Anne’s
way of life was as quiet and obscure as it had been during
the reign of her father. She did, indeed, on the prompting
of her favourite, acquiesce in the act of the convention-
parliament, which, postponing her place in the succession,
gave the throne to William in case he should survive Mary!
But the sisters soon quarrelled, and never were reconciled.
The misunderstanding began in trifling questions of eti¬
quette, quite fitted to the calibre of both of the royal minds ;
but considerations of real importance soon compelled the
king himself to interfere. The Churchills, traitorous to their
new sovereign, as they had been to the old, were known to
be intriguing for the restoration of James; and they in¬
duced Anne to write secretly to her father, and declare re¬
pentance for her desertion of him. Even when William
dismissed Marlborough from all his places, the princess ob¬
stinately persisted in retaining his wife in her household.
After Queen Mary’s death, the king and his sister-in-law
went through the forms of a reconciliation: but there was
no confidence on either side; and indeed the secret corre¬
spondence with Saint Germains was still carried on. The
state of the succession to the crown threatened new difficul¬
ties. Anne had seventeen children, but most of them were
still-born : and the Duke of Gloucester, the only one who
survived infancy, died in 1700 at the age of eleven. The
Jacobites, however, were unable to prevent the passing of
the act of settlement, which placed the Electress of Hano¬
ver after Anne in the succession to the crown.
On the 8th of March 1702, Anne became Queen of
England by the death of William, being then 38 years
of age. Into her short reign there were crowded events
possessing vast importance, both for the British Empire and
for the whole of Europe : and her name is customarily asso¬
ciated with one of the most characteristic epochs in the his¬
tory of English literature. Marlborough and Peterborough
commanded her armies: her councils were directed in
succession by Godolphin and Somers, by Harley and St
John : Berkeley and Newton speculated and experimented:
and the wits of Queen Anne’s time” were mustered, in
poetry and in prose, under such chiefs as Prior and Pope,
Swift, Addison, and Steele, Arbuthnot and Defoe. But no
sovereign could have exerted less of real and personal in¬
fluence than Queen Anne did, either on the national polity
or on the national enlightenment. A blessed thing was it
that she should have been thus powerless. For, beyond her
own epicurean comforts, and the petty ceremonial of her
court, there were just three ideas which her narrow and un-
mstructed intellect admitted : each of these ideas was full
of danger to the peace and happiness of the state ; and each
of them was cherished by her with the hereditary stubborn¬
ness of a Stuart. She was as eager as any one of her race
to enlarge the prerogatives of the crown : her father’s de¬
votion to the Church of Rome was not stronger than was
fier desire to increase the power of the Church of England;
and she never ceased to wish earnestly that her exiled
brother should be her successor on the throne. In no stage
ot Anne s reign was even the last of these designs imprac¬
ticable : there were always able statesmen inclined to lead
e v ay and more than once the tide of public opinion set
towards absolutism, both political and ecclesiastical. The
T\ecn’ owever, was not only dull and ignorant, but also in-
dolent, fond of flattery, and accustomed from her youth to
than l^86 6 ky stronger and more active minds
w rT 'J'™-, Whatever her wishes might be, her actions
fv U e 7. er female favourites. I’ortunately the earlier
wo irectresses, a woman of extraordinary force of