Encyclopaedia Britannica > Volume 21, ROT-Siam

example of which by Frew of Perth is shown in im l mi
basin is kept partly full of wnl-pr o ^ , 1 15-
tightly pressed up ^ ground gun-metal valve
SEWERAGE
against a conical seat
at the basin’s foot.
The chamber below is
only large enough to
allow the valve to
turn down ; it cannot
collect much foul mat¬
ter and may be venti¬
lated by a separate
pipe. A trapped over-
How prevents the basin
from being overfilled.
The whole closet is
trapped by an ordinary
bend on the soil-pipe,
which is not shown in
the figure. The volume
of water in the basin is
much greater than in
pan closets, where the
height is limited bythe
717
teirS votrn? act Th« “i-W « is cut to give the
Fig. 15.—Bramah Water-Closet.
overflow which occurs round the lin nf tBa T,ov, T
of this kind the valve is placed at the side, Jnd,’ when^closeTlies
-1', ^ anothor ‘U16 of ™lve closet (JenninS the
closet. a sanitary point of view; but a much cheaper and certainlv w
out closet, by Doulton, appears in fig. 6.) These are now nrnde
wh?tegrtat Vanety g°od forms, sometimes of a single piece of
white stoneware. They combine cheapness and simplic wTth a
d gree of sanitary perfection that is^ probably not re7chld bv
the most expensive closets of the kinds already named Thev
havonoworkmg parts ; the closet is cleansed after use simolv bv
the flush of water, which sweeps everything before it The flush
mus of course be good: a H-inch service pipe from a cistern
not less than 5 feet above the closet will do well.1 In some recent
designs the cistern is a box at the back of the seat with a wide
Fig. 17.—Hopper Closet.
Hopper
closet.
Service
cisterns
for
closets.
Auto¬
matic
flush.
Fig. 16.—Washout Water-Closet.
oval mouth leading from it to the flushing rim of the nan • this
gives a good flush although the cistern is low. A feature of con
cE'entiSf mayf Kcomruenied il t fea™X
closet entirely open for inspection and cleaning instead of nrm
ceahng it in a wooden case. The seat then genemllv rests on iron'
thteback^o That^h?01^ ^ and i03,11 be raised on hinges at
without the risk of finlpan “f7 S USed as a urinal or slop-sink
rnout tne risk of fouling. Another good type of closet slnrino-
with the washout the advantage of having no^echanical parts
the hopper,” illustrated in fig. 17 (Dodd’s HonnerT In »P11 thUf
^ X “7“ V is attachiiig a ventilating pip^e. ^eSe
especially wSl X g a cl“et a “parate cistern is ilLirablo,
when water for dietetic purposes is liable to be drawn
se^cehep?peinwhfchrni (lf dt°f bTeing taken direct the water
were it LV that L?h “S'„re‘ W0Uld SM!m t0 ad,i'
common, that no cistern—unless
it be exclusively used for water-
closet supply—should be placed in
the same room with or just under
a water-closet, and that the room
itself should be well lighted, well
ventilated, and well shut off from
bedrooms. To prevent flushing
of closets from being imperfect
trirough carelessness, many plans
have been devised for ensuring that
once the flow of water is started it myuvu jiusu
the besf1 nfU+l \?iven volume has been discharged. One of
fiu rn6 18 Z116 a(Tangeraent of siphon flush sketched in
the sinhon ValV-e a 18 0Pened the downrush of water starts
tne siphon into action, and even should a be then closed the
w continues until the water-level falls to c, when air is admitted
CISTERN
Fig. 18..—Water-Closet Cistern
with Siphon Flush.
i K- = •?£"
ind bra^°r0U?h VentiIatio« of house-drains, soiZQ
ove‘flow, anffi^ ^
leanly and well-designed closets, basins, &c[ each sealedf
(6> the use of—
pipes St prviStpid the-SySte"
tight. During the last five years however it hoEl houses,
proved, by e3taminati011 of ye
that it is no uncommon case for a house to be so completely
without effective connexion with the sewer that all its own
ns st nnr1 under the 1; td Ln
the “smoke tel” P“a
aystem of coTrl? rnti°n sh0,lld be ma<ie °f the Ccopera-
lateProf SP T house-inspection originated by the tive
P f f-°f‘ ^ eem-mg Jenkm- The Edinburgh Sanitary system of
Protection Association was founded by him in 1878 to ?,eriodic
carry out the idea that the sanitary fittings of a house fron"60'
should be periodically submitted to examination by an ’
pert, and that householders should combine to secure
or this purpose the continuous service of an engineer
a e to detect flaws, to advise improvements, and to
iSn al.terafclons- The Edinburgh association soon
members a in the ll0Uses of its
sanfrnrv ’ ^ °1 •hmg.S eVen worse than students of
tions 7 u had imag:ncd P°ssible- Similar associa-
ons are now doing excellent work in London, Glasgow,
and many other large towns. g
Space admits of only a very brief mention of those systems of
fyeSsystem, frtrelS byth^Eev. H. Molfe0tal^dva^ Dry
when covered with a small quantity of clrv earth • An An d
soil, if exposed to the air anifallowed to dry, may be used wer and
over again for the same purpose. Even after soil has beenTeveml
times used, hovvever, its value as manure is not so great as to pay
for its transport to any considerable distance ; and for this reason
to b^derifwTthhhvaCDthat ^ 0ther constituenfo of sewage
a .T hiten S f 7 -f means’ tlle system is of rather limited
application. So far as it goes it is excellent, and where there is
no general system of water-carriage sewerage, or where the water
supply is small or uncertain, an elrth-closet ^illjn careful hands Earth-
teve pei feet satefacteon. Numerous forms of earth-closet are sold in closets
winch a suitable quantity of earth is automatically thrown into the
pan at each time of use. Arrangements of this kind are, however
not necessary to the success of the system ; a box filled with dry
earth and a hand scoop will answer the purpose not less effectively7
Ashes are sometimes substituted for or mixed with the dry earth'
and powdered charcoal is also used. 7 ’
The most primitive method of dealing systematically with Pail
eftlmr itselfcareted L7h discharges d^ctly in a vessel which is systems,
eitiier itself carried to the country, and its contents applied to the
Tn W lsfeniPtledint.0 a more portable vessel for that purpose
In Japan for example in spite of the difficulty of transport over bad
tfioln aT bJ JiUman fb°ur’ tlie latfor plan is universally followed •
7C T( a“d the PeoPfo have ln fact performed for centuries what
ay be called a complete cycle of operations. The agricultural
return is so good that farmers pay for leave to remove exJrem n?
The tean Sers 1°^ ^ discba^« as a source of income.’
the plan, although carried out in the roughest manner am,ears
to involve fewer sanitary drawbacks than might be expected^but