New volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica > Volume 30, K-MOR

516 MANCHESTER
the memory of o. well-known M.iincliester A\ortli^. Tlie building
is a noble and beautiful structure, and the library is large and
important. It includes the famous Althorp collection, which was
bought from Earl Spencer and incorporated by Mrs Hylands into
her scheme. The regulations for use of the Hylands Eibiary are
similar to those in force at the British Museum. Moss Side, which
is in the parliamentary limits, but has its own urban council, has a
municipal library, and also a small park and recreation ground.
Recreation. —The recreation of the population is provided for in
many ways. There are eleven theatres, mostly large in size. The
concerts of classical music and other musical entertainments have
more than local celebrity. The Bellevue Zoological Gardens is a
favourite holiday place for working people. The Ancoats Becreation
Committee have since 1882 had Sunday lectures, and occasional i
exhibitions of pictures, window gardening, &c. The Ancoats Art
Museum was founded to carry out the educational influences of art
and culture generally. In addition to works of art, there are
concerts, lectures, reading circles, &c. The museum is worked in
connexion with a university settlement.
Manufactures and Commerce. —Manchester, whilst the centre
of the cotton industry, is also the seat of large engineering and I
chemical trades. The central area is more and more occupied by
offices and warehouses, and the works and factories are grouped
outside. This process has been carried out so largely that the real
Manchester is difficult of definition. From one point of view the
whole of south-east Lancashire, and some portions even of Cheshire
and Derbyshire, may be regarded as one vast urban district, having
many interests and characteristics in common, although split up
into separate areas of local government. The annual value
of the city of Manchester increased from £2,943,545 in 1896 to
£3,394,879 in 1901 ; that of Salford from £835,455 to £967,727.
In the districts where there was more room for expansion the in¬
crease is also striking. Thus the annual value of Stretford has
risen from £143,956 to £194,366 within the years named ; the
corresponding figures for similar urban districts adjoining Man¬
chester are equally demonstrative of the increase of trade and popu¬
lation. The amount passing through the Manchester bankers’
clearing-house in 1890 was £162,849,544 ; in 1899, £222,563,348;
in 1900, £247,206,000 ; in 1901, £235,487,000. Manchester is the
headquarters of the Wholesale Co-operative Society.
Municipality.—Manchester received a municipal charter in 1838,
received the title of city in 1853, and became a county borough in
1889. The city is divided into 25 wards, and the corporation
consists of 26 aldermen and 78 councillors. The mayor received
the title of Lord Mayor in 1893. The municipal charter of Sal¬
ford was granted in 1844. There are 16 wards. Sixteen aldermen
and 48 councillors constitute the Town Council. Salford became
a county borough in 1889.
By the Heform Bill of 1832 Manchester received two and Salford
one representative. In 1868 this was increased to three for Man¬
chester (each voter, however, having only two votes) and two for
Salford. At present Manchester sends six and Salford three
members to the House of Commons.
Authorities.—W. A. Shaw. Manchester, Old and New. 1894.
—-W. E. A. Axon. Annals of Manchester, 1885.—Harry
Rawson. Historical Record of some Recent Enterprises of the
Corporation of Manchester, 1894 ; Official Manual of Manchester
and Salford, 1902.—J. P. Earwaker. Court List Records of
Manchester, 1552-1686, 1731-1846 (1884-90), 12 vols. ; Constable's
Accounts, 1612-47, 1743-76 (1891-92), 3 vols. ; Manchester
Municipal Code, 1894-99, 5 vols.—George Saintsbury.
Manchester, .—Handbook and Guide to Manchester. Edited
by J. Howson Ray, F.R.C.S., 1902. (w. E. A. A.)
Manchester, a township of Hartford county, Con¬
necticut, U.S.A., north-east of the centre of the state, a
few miles east of Hartford, containing an area of 21 square
miles and including the villages of Manchester, South
Manchester, Manchester Green, and Buckland. Its manu¬
factories include silk, paper, cotton, and needle mills, and
factories of electric machinery and appliances. The total
capital invested in manufacturing in 1900 was $7,330,806,
and the various establishments employed 3118 wage-
earners, and had products valued at $5,939,943. Popu¬
lation (1890), 8222; (1900), 10,601, of whom 3771 were
foreign-born.
Manchester, a city of New Hampshire, U.S.A.,
capital of Hillsboro county. It is on the Merrimac
river, at Amoskeag Falls, which furnish water-power
for its manufactures. Its manufacturing establishments
had in 1900 a capital of $22,426,125, employed an
average number of 19,032 wage-earners, and produced
—MANCHURIA
goods valued at $26,607,600. Of this total product,
cotton goods were valued at $11,723,508, boots and shoes
at $4,052,204, hosiery and knitted goods at $834,343,
and foundry and machine-shop products at $511,208.
Manchester is the seat of St Anselm’s College, a Roman
Catholic institution, founded in 1893. In 1899 this
had 19 instructors and was attended by 61 students.
The assessed valuation of real and personal property in
1900, on a basis of about 70 per cent, of the full value,
was $32,706,794, the net debt of the city $1,62<,025,
and the rate of taxation $19'50 per $1000. Population
(1890), 44,126; (1900), 56,987, of whom 24,257 were
foreign-born and only 28 wTere negroes. The death-rate
in 1900 was 19'2, the same as in 1890.
Manchester, a city of Virginia, U.S.A., on the
south bank of the James river, opposite Richmond, with
which it is connected by bridges. Though within the
limits of Chesterfield county, it is independent of county
government. It is on the Atlantic Coast Line, the Sea¬
board Air Line, and the Southern Railways. It is a.
manufacturing city of some importance, using the water¬
power from the falls of James river at this point. Popu¬
lation (1880), 5729 ; (1890), 9246 ; (1900), 9715, of whom
138 were foreign-born and 3338 were negroes.
Manchuria.—The three provinces of China lying;
outside the Great Wall, generically known as Manchuria,
were described in the earlier volumes (xv. 465) of this
Encyclopaedia (ninth edition). Since 1883 the country
has made considerable progress. Immigrants from the
older and over-populated parts of China have been flocking
thither in great numbers, and much new land has been
brought under cultivation. The general progress is
exemplified in the returns of trade passing through the
treaty-port of Newchwang. The total value of the trade
in 1880 was H. taels 6,725,000, and in 1899 it had risen
to H. taels 48,357,000; but in 1900, owing to the dis¬
turbed state of the country, it fell to £1,023,260, or H.
taels 38,116,450. The population is estimated as follows,
for each of the three divisions :—
Province of Shengking (Feng Tien) . 4,000,000
,, Kirin 6,500,000
,, ,, Hei lung chiang . . . 2,000,000
Total . . . 12,500,000
The original population was entirely Manchu, but they
are rapidly being elbowed out by the more industrious
Chinese. Their number is estimated at from 2 to 3
millions, or about 25 per cent, of the whole population.
Nearly all of them are officials or hangers-on at the
various civil and military establishments, and but for
the official support they receive in the shape of pay or
perquisites, they would rapidly be squeezed out. Gold
mines are worked at several places in the northern part of
Manchuria, of which the principal are on the Muho river,
an affluent of the Amur, and near the Russian frontier.
Mines are also worked at Kwanyin-shan, opposite the
Russian frontier town of Radevska, and at Chia-pi-kou, on
an affluent of the upper Sungari. Manchuria has been
claimed by Russia as her particular sphere of interest, and
in the course of the disturbances of 1900, Russian troops
occupied various parts of the country (see China). Eventu¬
ally a Manchurian Convention was arranged between China
and Russia, by which Russia was to evacuate the province;
but various difficulties arose, and no actual ratification of
this convention had been made by Russia up to June 1902.
The Anglo-German agreement of October 1900, to which
Japan also became a party, and by which it was agreed to
“ maintain undiminished the territorial condition of the
Chinese empire,” was considered by Great Britain and
Japan not to exclude Manchuria; but Germany, on the