New volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica > Volume 30, K-MOR

279
LINOSA — LINZ
of Linlithgow. Edinburgh, 1832.—G. Waldie. Walks along the
Northern Roman Wall. Linlithgow, 1883.—J. Collie. The
Palace of Linlithgow. Edinburgh (n.d).—A. M. Bisset. Poets
and Poetry of Linlithgow. Paisley, 1896.—R. J. H. Cunningham.
Geology of the Lothians. Edinburgh, 1838.—J. Small. Castles
and Mansions of the Lothians. Edinburgh, 1883.—J. M. Bell.
The Castles of the Lothians. Edinburgh, 1893.—TAe Scottish
Mineral Oil Trade. Glasgow, 1893. (w. Wa.)
Linosa, an island of Italy. See Lampedusa.
Linotype. See Type-setting.
Linton, Eliza Lynn (1822-1898), English
novelist, daughter of the Rev. J. Lynn, vicar of Cros-
thwaite, in Cumberland, was born at Keswick, 10th
February 1822. She early manifested independence of
character, and in great measure educated herself from the
stores of her father’s library. Coming up to London about
1845 with a large stock of miscellaneous erudition, she
turned this to account in her first novels, Azeth the Egyptian
and Amymone, a romance of the days of Pericles. Her
next story, Realities, a tale of modern life (1850), was not
successful, and for several years she seemed to have aban¬
doned fiction. When, in 1865, she reappeared with Grasp
your Nettle, it was as an expert in a new style of novel¬
writing—stirring, fluent, ably-constructed stories, retaining
the attention throughout, but affording little to reflect
upon or to remember. Measured by their immediate
success, they gave her an honourable position among the
writers of her day, and secure of an audience, she continued
to write with vigour nearly until her death. Lizzie Lorton
of Grey rigg (1866), Patricia Kemball (1874), The Atone¬
ment of Learn Dundas (1877) are among the best examples
of this more mechanical side of her talent, to which there
were notable exceptions in Joshua Davidson (1872), a bold
but not irreverent adaptation of the' story of the Carpenter
of Nazareth to that of the French Commune; and Chris¬
topher Kirkland, a veiled autobiography (1885). Mrs
Linton was even more thoroughly at home in journalism
than in fiction ; her articles on the 11 Girl of the Period ”
in the Saturday Review produced a great sensation, and she
was long an influential contributor to the St James's Gazette,
the Daily News, and other leading newspapers. Many of
her detached essays have been collected. In 1858 she
.married W. J. Linton, the engraver, but the union was
soon terminated by mutual consent j she nevertheless
brought up one of Mr Linton’s daughters by a former
marriage. A few years before her death she retired to
Malvern, where she died on 14th July 1898. Her life has
been written by Mr G. S. Layard. (r. g.)
Linton, William James (1812-1897), Eng¬
lish wood-engraver, republican, and author, was born in
London in 1812. He was educated at Stratford, and in
his sixteenth year was apprenticed to the wood-engraver
G. W. Bonner. His earliest known work is to be found in
Martin and Westall’s Pictorial Illustrations of the Bible
(1833). Henceforth his talent received ample recognition,
and he rapidly rose to a place amongst the foremost wood-
engravers of the time. After working as a journeyman
engraver with two or three firms, losing his money over a
cheap political library called the “ National,” and writing
a life of Thomas Paine, he went into partnership (1842)
with John Orrin Smith. The firm was immediately em¬
ployed on the Illustrated London News, just then pro¬
jected. The following year Orrin Smith died, and Linton,
who had married a sister of Thomas Wade, editor of
Bell's Weekly Messenger, found himself in sole charge of a
business upon which two families were dependent. For
years past he had concerned himself with the social and
political problems of the time, and was now actively
engaged in the republican propaganda. In 1844 he
took a prominent part in exposing the violation by the
English post-office of Mazzini’s correspondence. This led
to a friendship with the Italian revolutionist, and he threw
himself with ardour into European politics. He carried
the first congratulatory address of English workmen to the
French Provisional Government in 1848. He edited a
twopenny weekly paper, The Cause of the People, pub¬
lished in the Isle of Man, and he wrote political verses for
the Dublin Nation, signed “ Spartacus.” He helped to
found the “ International League ” of patriots, and in
1850, with G. H. Lewes and Thornton Hunt, started The
Leader, an organ which, however, did not satisfy his
advanced republicanism, and from which he soon withdrew.
The same year he wrote a series of articles propounding
the views of Mazzini in The Red Republican. In 1852 he
took up his residence at Brantwood, which he afterwards
sold to John Ruskin, and from there issued The English
Republic, first in the form of weekly tracts and afterwards
as a monthly magazine—“ a useful exponent of republican
principles, a faithful record of republican progress through¬
out the world; an organ of propagandism and a medium
of communication for the active republicans in England.”
Most of the paper, which never paid its way and was
abandoned in 1855, was written by himself. In 1852 he
also printed for private circulation an anonymous volume
of poems entitled The Plaint of Freedom. After the
failure of his paper he returned to his proper work of
wood - engraving, which had been largely abandoned for
political agitation. In 1857 his wife died, and in the
following year he married Eliza Lynn (afterwards known
as Mrs Lynn Linton) and returned to London. In 1864
he retired to Brantwood, his wife remaining in London.
In 1867, pressed by financial difficulties, he determined to
try his fortune in America, and finally separated from his
wife, with whom, however, he always corresponded affec¬
tionately. With his children he settled at Appledore,
Newhaven, Connecticut, where he set up a printing-press.
Here he wrote Practical Hints on Wood-Engraving, 1879 j
James Watson, a Memoir of Chartist Times, 1879; A
History of Wood-Engraving in America, 1882; Wood-
Engraving, a Manual of Instruction, 1884; The Masters
of Wood-Engraving, for which he made two journeys
to England, 1890; The Life of Whittier, 1893; and
Memories, an autobiography, 1895. He died at New¬
haven on 29th December 1897, aged eighty-five. Linton
was a singularly gifted man, who, in the words of his wife,
if he had not bitten the Dead Sea apple of impracticable
politics, would have risen higher in the world of both art
and letters. As an engraver on wood he reached the
highest point of execution in his own line. He carried
on the tradition of Bewick, fought for intelligent as
against merely manipulative excellence in the use of the
graver, and championed the use of the “white line” as
well as of the black, believing with Ruskin that the former
was the truer and more telling basis of aesthetic expression
in the wood-block printed upon paper.
See also W. J. Linton, Memories; F. G. Kitton, article on
“Linton” in English Illustrated Magazine (April 1891); G. S.
Layard, Life of Mrs Lynn Linton (1901). (g. S. L.)
Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, on the right bank
of the Danube, 20 miles north-north-west of Steyr. The
population in 1890 was 47,685 ; in 1900, including Urfahr
on the left bank of the Danube, 58,788, almost exclu¬
sively Catholic and German (estimated to have 1 per
cent. Czech, 3 per cent. Protestant, and 1 per cent.
Jewish). It has a garrison of 3502 men. composed of
four battalions of infantry and an artillery regiment.
Linz is now fairly provided with educational institutions,
while its transit trade and industry have grown with
the development of navigation on the river and its ex¬
tended railway communications. In addition to brewing,