New volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica > Volume 30, K-MOR

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KANO — KAN SAS
feet. It is at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago and St Louis, the Illinois Central, and the Indiana,
Illinois, and Iowa Eailways. It has a level site on the
prairie and a regular plan. It contains a state insane
asylum. Population (1890), 9025 ; (1900), 13,595, of
whom 3346 were foreign-born and 175 negroes.
Ka.nO. See Hausa.
Kansas, the central commonwealth of the American
Union, bounded on the N. by Nebraska, on the E. by
Missouri, on the S. by Oklahoma and Indian lerritory,
on the W. by Colorado. It is commonly known as the
Sunflower State. The eastern third of the state is heavily
timbered along the streams, and the forest area increased
rather than diminished during the last quarter of the 19th
century, in consequence of the settling of the country,
which put a stop to prairie fires. The rainfall is ample,
and general crop failures are unknown. The western
third of the state is in the semi-arid region, with insuffi¬
cient rain and without forests. The prevalent natural
vegetation is buffalo grass, cactus, and yucca. Alfalfa,
Kaffre corn, and other drought-resisting plants are grown,
and cattle raising and fattening have become the most
profitable industries. The central third of the state is
intermediate in character between the eastern and western
sections. The annual rainfall of the eastern section is
35 inches ; of the central section 25 inches ; of the western
section 15 inches.
Population.—According to the census of 1880, the population
was 995,966; in 1890 it was 1,427,098, and in 1900 it was 1,470,495.
There was a steady increase from 1880 until 1888, when it
reached 1,518,552. The opening of Oklahoma for settlement in
1889 withdrew at least 50,000 people, and this, combined with
unsettled political conditions, produced a reduction to 1,334,734
in 1895. During each year since 1895 there was a gradual gain,
until in 1899 the population reached 1,425,119, and in 1900 was
1,470,495. The net increase from 1880 to 1890 was 43‘3 per cent.,
and from 1890 to 1900, 3 per cent. The population of the eleven
largest towns in 1900 was as follows: Kansas City, 51,418;
Topeka, 33,608 ; Wichita, 24,671; Leavenworth, 20,735 ; Atchison,
15,722; Lawrence, 10,862; Fort Scott, 10,322; Galena, 10,155;
Pittsburg, 10,112 ; Hutchinson, 9379 ; Emporia, 8223. Of the
population of Kansas in 1900, 768,716 (52'3 per cent.) were males
and 701,779 were females ; 1,343,810 were native-born and 126,685
(8’6 per cent.) were foreign-born. The total white population
was 1,416,319 ; the total coloured population was 54,176, of whom
52,003 were negroes, 4 Japanese, 39 Chinese, and 2130 Indians.
Education.—The total amount expended for common school
purposes in Kansas in 1899 exceeded $4,000,000 ; the number of
children of school age was 496,000 ; the number of pupils enrolled
was 370,240; the average daily attendance was 257,000; the
number of teachers required was 12,513 ; the average length of
the school year was twenty-five weeks ; the average salary of
male teachers was $39 per month, of female teachers $32 ; the
total value of common school property was $10,000,000. In 1900
Kansas stood near the head of the list of American states in the
small percentage of illiteracy. Out of 413,786 adult males,
14,214, or 3'4 per cent., were illiterate (unable to write) ; the
percentage of illiteracy among the native white adult males of
native parents was only 1'7. Hot a single soldier in the famous
20th Kansas regiment in the Spanish war was unable to write
his own name. The state maintains, as a part of her free school
system, a well-equipped state university at Lawrence, an Agri¬
cultural College at Manhattan, and a Normal School at Emporia.
The university in 1900 had a faculty of 78 members, an attend¬
ance of 1150 students, 10 buildings, and an annual maintenance
fund of $130,000. The state Agricultural College and the state
Normal School had also progressed satisfactorily. In addition to
the state schools, flourishing colleges are supported by the various
religious denominations.
Qiiarities.—-The following table shows the state charitable
and correctional institutions, with the number of inmates, May
1900, and the appropriations for suppoi't for 1899 and 1900. In
addition to this, 77 counties, with farms for poor, cared for 1595
indigent persons in 1899 at a net cost of $105,440 ; out-door relief
given in 100 counties amounted to $344,555. The state voted
support for 14 charitable institutions, chiefly hospitals, amount¬
ing to $19,600 for 1899 and 1900, and reimbursed counties for the
support of insane in previous years to the amount of $221,950,
besides providing for the expenses of the state Board of Charities
to the amount of $17,000, and for other local boards to the amount
of $11,600 for the years named.
Name.
Penitentiary .
Industrial Reformatory .
Industrial School (girls).
Reform School (boys)
Insane Asylum
Insane Asylum
Blind Asylum .
Imbecile School
Deaf and Dumb School .
Soldiers’ Orphans' Home
Locality. Inmates
Lansing
Hutchinson
Beloit
Topeka
Topeka
Osawatomie
Kansas City
Winfield
Olathe
Atchison
9881
220
116
180
850
1030
85
204
250
134
Appropriation.
Expenses. Improvements.
$308,702
115,630
48,820
126,304
287,620
303,198
49,578
88,940
92,180
75,960
$154,000
77.500
25,000
25,000
33.500
50,000
None
40,000
4,000
None
Agriculture.—The following table exhibits the quantities and
values of farm crops and live-stock products for 1899-
Winter wheat .
Spring wheat
Corn .
Oats .
Rye .
Barley
Buckwheat
Irish potatoes .
Sweet potatoes .
Castor beans
Cotton
Flax .
Hemp
Tobacco
Broom corn
Millet2
Sorghum .
Sorghum forage
Milo maize
KafFre corn
Jerusalem corn .
Forage3
Animals 4 .
Poultry and eggs 5
Wool clip .
Cheese
Butter
Milk sold .
Garden products 6
Horticultural6 .
Wood6
Wine
Honey and Beeswax
1899 Quantities.
42,815,471 bushels
871,542 „
225,183,432 ,,
26,046,773 ,.
1,754,406 .,
3,352,845
8,268 .,
7,664,405 .,
334,080 ,,
37,862 „
27,650 lb
1,412,941 bushels
34,000 lb
12,250 „
14,000,705 „
796,320 tons
1,539,193 gallons
25,159 tons
2,095,429 „
10,497 ,,
2,656,482 „
712,181 lb
1,163,680 ,,
43,757,767 „
155,778 gallons
760,450 lb
1899 Values.
$22,016,970
389,441
53,530,576
4,951,636
690,408
781,202
5,374
2,612,340
150,269
34,076
1,383
1,271,647
1,700
1,225
455,023
2,354,348
492,541
2,457,304
66,093
5,073,598
25,179
9,278,817
50,533,797
4,241,869
106,827
104,731
5,890,273
648,054
700,745
523,445
125,105
116,834
114,307
Grand total
. $169,747,037
Mineral Products.—Since 1880 extensive mineral deposits have
been discovered. A bed of rock-salt underlies nearly the whole
of central and western Kansas at depths of from 300 to 1200 feet,
varying in thickness from 250 feet in Ellsworth county to up¬
wards of 400 feet in Harper, Kingman, and Reno counties. The
salt mined in 1899 was valued, without cooperage, at $760,200,
and the total production since 1880 was valued at $5,538,855.
Natural gas, oil, zinc, and lead have been discovered in south¬
eastern Kansas. In 1899, 63,369 tons of zinc ore, worth $2,321,775,
yielded 31,684 tons of metallic zinc, valued at $3,643,729;
and 13,190 tons of lead ore, worth $337,038, yielded metallic
lead of the value of $429,344. The coal produced was valued
at $5,124,248, and the total output 1880 to 1899 was valued at
$60,209,900. The total value of mineral products in 1899 was
$11,894,576, and the grand total value 1880 to 1899 was estimated
at $120,053,088.
Railways. — There are 29 railways in the state, with a
total Kansas mileage of 8777 in 1899, as compared with 3104 in
1880. The most important of these railways and their respective
mileage in Kansas are as follows: Atchison, Topeka, and Santa
Fe, 2440 miles ; Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, 1124 miles ;
Union Pacific, 480 miles; Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy,
259 miles ; St Louis and San Francisco, 269 miles ; Missouri
Pacific, 1826 miles; Kansas City, Fort Scott, and Memphis,
258 miles ; Missouri, Kansas, and Texas, 444 miles.
Finance.—The total assessed valuation of property for the fiscal
year 1898-99 was $325,889,744. The total state tax levy for the
same year was 4XV mills, but the amount of income from this
1 207 from Oklahoma, 3 Federal civil.
2 Including Hungarian. 3 Grass, alfalfa, and clover.
4 For slaughter. 5 Sold. 6 Marketed.