Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 18, RHI-SCR

SAN [ 487 ] SAN
choiiia- readers an attentive perufal of Cumberland's SANCHO-
tho MAT HO.
II SANCROFT, William, archbifhop of Canterbu-
l<^uar^'l ry. was born at Frefingfield in Suffolk in 1616 j and
admitted into Emanuel college, Cambridge, in 1633.
In 1642 he was elefted a fellow, and, for refufing to
take the covenant, was eje&ed from his fellowfhip. In
1660 he was chofen one of the univerfity preachers j
and in 1663 was nominated to the deanry of York.
In 1664 he wras inftalled dean of St Paul’s. In this
ftation he fet himfelf with unwearied diligence to repair
the cathedral, till the fire of London in 1666 employed
his thoughts on the more noble undertaking of rebuild¬
ing it, toward which he gave 1400I. He alfo rebuilt
the deanry, and improved its revenue. In 1668 he was
admitted archdeacon of Canterbury, on the king’s pre-
fentation. In 1677, being now prolocutor of the con¬
vocation, he was unexpectedly advanced to the arch-
bifhopric of Canterbury. In 1687 he was committed
to the Tower, with fix other bifhops, for prefenting a
petition to the king againft reading the declaration of
indulgence. Upon King James II.’s withdrawing him¬
felf, he concurred with the lords in a declaration to the
prince of Orange for a free parliament, and due indul¬
gence to the Proteftant diffenters. But when that prince
and his confort were declared king and queen, his grace
refufing to take the oath to their majefties, he was
fufpended and deprived.—He lived in a very private
manner till his death in 1693. His learning, integrity,
and piety, made him an exalted ornament of the church.
He publifhed a volume in i2mo, intitled Modern Po¬
litics, taken from Machiavel, Borgia, and other felect
authors j Familiar Letters to Mr North, an 8vo pam¬
phlet •, and three of his fermons were printed together
after his death.
SANCTIFICATION, the aft of fanftifying, or
rendering a thing holy. The reformed divines define
fanftification to be an aft of God’s grace, by which
a perfon’s defires and affeftions are alienated from
the world*, and by which he is made to die to fin,
and to live to righteoufnefs; or, in other words, to
feel an abhorence of all vice, and a love of religion and
virtue.
SANCTION, the authority given to a judicial aft,
by which it becomes legal and authentic.
SANCTORIUS, or Sanctorio, a moft ingenious
and learned phyfician, was profeffor in the univerfity of
Padua, in the beginning of the 17th century. He con¬
trived a kind of ftatical chair, by means of which, after
eftimating the aliments received, and the fenfible dif-
charges, he was enabled to determine with great exaft-
nefs the quantity of infenfible perfpiration, as well as
what kind of viftuals and drink increafed or diminilhed
it. On thefe experiments he erefted a curious fyftem,
which he publifhed under the title of De Medicina Sta¬
tic a ; which is tranflated into Englifh by Dr Quincy.
Sanftorius publifhed feveral other treatifes, which (hewed
great abilities and learning.
SANCTUARY, among the Jews, alfo called Sanc¬
tum fan&orum, or Holy of holies, }vas the holiefl and
moft retired part of the temple of Jerufalem, in which
the ark of the covenant was preferved, and into which
none but the high-prieft was allowed to enter, and that
only once a year, to intercede for the people.
Some diftinguifh the fanftuary from the fanftum fanc-
5
torum, and maintain that the whole temple was called Santftuary,
the fanBuary. . Sf
To try and examine any thing by the weight of the
fanftuary, is to examine it by a juft and equal fcale j
becaufe, among the Jews, it was the cuftom of the priefts
to keep ftone weights, to ferve as ftandards for regula¬
ting all weights by, though thefe were not at all different
from the royal or profane weights.
Sanctuary, in the Romifh church, is alfo ufed for
that part of the church in which the altar is placed, en-
compaffed with a rail or balluftrade.
Sanctuary, in our ancient cuftoms, the fame with
Asylum.
SAND, in Natural Hi/lory, properly denotes fmall
particles of filiceous ftones. Sands are fubjeft to be
varioufly blended, both with different iubftances, as that
of talks,. &c.; and hence, as well as from their va¬
rious colours,, are fubdivided into, 1. Whitefands, wire--
ther pure or mixed with other arenaceous or heteroge¬
neous particles; of all which there are feveral kinds,,
differing no lefs in the finenefs of their particles than in
the different degrees of colour, from a bright and ftiining-
white, to a brownifh, yellowifh, greenifh, &c. white.
2. The red and reddifh fands, both pure and impure.
3. The yellow fands, whether pure or mixed, are alfo
very numerous. 4. The brown fands, diftinguilhed in_
the fame manner. 5. The black fands, of which there .
are only two varieties, viz. a fine fiiining grayilh black
fand, and another of a fine {Inning reddifti-black colour.
6. The green kind ; of which there is only one known
fpecies, v*z. a coarfe variegated dulky green fand, com¬
mon in Virginia.
Sand is of great ufe in the glafs manufafture; a
white kind of fand being employed for making of the
white glafs, and a coarfe greenifh-looking fand for the
green glafs..
In agriculture it feems to be the office of fand to ren¬
der unftuous or clayey earths fertile, and fit to fupport
vegetables, by making them more open and loofe.
SAND-Bays, in the art of war.. See SACKS of
Barth.
Sand-EKL. See Ammodytes, Ichthyology In*
dex.
SAND Floods, a name given to the motion of fand fo
common in the defects of Arabia. Mr Bruce gives the
following accurate defcription of feme that he (aw in
travelling through that long and dreary defert. “ At
one o’clock (fays he) we alighted among fome acacia
trees at Waadi el Halboub, having gone twenty-one
miles. We were here at once furprifed and terrified by
a fight furely one of the moft magnificent in the world.
In that vaft expanfe of defert from weft and to north-
weft of us, wefaw a number of prodigious pillars of fand
at different diftances, at times moving with great celeri¬
ty, at others ftalking on with a majeftic flownefs: at in¬
tervals we, thought they were coming in a few minutes
to overwhelm us; and finall quantities of fand did ac¬
tually more than once reach us, Again they would
retreat fo as to be almoft out of fight, their tops reach¬
ing to the very clouds. There the tops often feparated
from the bodies ; and thefe, once disjoined, difperfed
in the air, and did not appear more. Sometimes they
were broken near the middle, as if ftruck with a large
cannon (hot. About noon they began to advance with
confidtrable fwiftnefs upon us, the wind being very