Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 6, CHI-Crystallization

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Cioifade, ^ tended it in perfon, being determined, if poffible, to
breathe their iaft in fight of that city where their Sa¬
viour had died for them. Women themlelves, con¬
cealing their fex under the difguife of armour, attend¬
ed the camp ; and commonly forgot their duty ftill
more, by proliituting themfelves to the army. The
greateft criminals were forward in a fervice which they
confidered as an expiation for all crimes j and the moil:
enormous diforders were, during the courfe of thefe
expeditions, committed by men inured to wickednefs,
encouraged by example, and impelled by neceffity.
The multitude of adventurers foon became fo great,
that their more fagacious leaders became apprehenfive
left^the greatnefs of the armament would be the caufe
of its own difappointment. For this reafon they per¬
mitted an unuifciplined multitude, computed at 300,000
men, to go before them under the command of Peter
the hermit, and Gautier or W^alter, furnamed the
moneijicfs, from his being a foldier of fortune. Thefe
look the road towards Conftantinople through PI an¬
gary and Bulgaria 5 and, trading that heaven, by fu-
pernatural affiftance, would fupply all their necefli-
ties, they made no provifion for fubfiftence in their
march. They foon found themfelves obliged to ob¬
tain by plunder what they vainly expedited from mi¬
racles ; and the enraged inhabitants of the countries
through which they palled, attacked the difordexly
mu ntude, and ilaughtertd them without reliftance.
The more difciplined armies followed after j and, paf-
img the ftraits of Conftantinople, they were muftered
i.i the plains of Alia, and amounted in the whole to
';co,ooo.
The rage for conquering the Holy Land did not
ceaie with this expedition. It continued for very
near two centuries, and eight different croifades were
fet on loot, one after another. The firft was in the
year 1069, as already obferved. The princes enga-
in it were, Hugo, count of Vermandois, brother
to Philip I. lung of France j Robert,’duke of Nor¬
mandy ; Robert, earl of Flanders; Rairnond, earl of
Touloufe and St Giles •, Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of
Lorrain, with his brothers Baldwin and Euftace ; Ste¬
phen, earl of Charters and Blois; Hugo, count of St
Paul; with a great number of other lords. The ge¬
neral rendezvous was at Conftantinople. In this ex¬
pedition, the famous Godfrey befieged and took the
city of Nice. The city of Jerufalem was taken by the
confederated army, and Godfrey chofen king. The
Chiiftians gained the famous battle of Afcalon againft
the foldan of Egypt j which put an end to the firft
croifade.
The fecond croifade, in the year 1144, was headed
by the emperor Conrad III. and Louis VII. king of
France. The emperor’s army was either deftroyed by
the enemy, or perilhed through the treachery of Manuel
the Greek emperor j and the fecond army, through the
unfaithfulnefs of the Chriftians of Syria, was forced to
break up the fiege of Damafcus.
The third eroifade, in the year 1188, immediately
followed the taking of Jerufalem by Saladin the fol¬
dan of Egypt. The princes engaged in this expedi¬
tion were, the emperor Frederic Barbaroffa; Frederic
duke of Suabia, his fecond fon j Leopold duke of Au-
ftria; Berthold duke of Moravia j Herman marquis
sf Baden 5 the counts of NaiTau, Thuringia, Milter,
64 ] C R o
and Holland; and above 60 other princes of the em¬
pire } with the biihops of Befan^on, Cambray, Man-
Iter, Olnaburgh, Mihen, Paiiau, Vifburg, and feveral
others. In this expedition, the emperor Frederic de¬
feated the foldan of Iconium : his ion Frederic, joined
by Guy Lufignan king of Jerufalem, in vain endea¬
voured to take Acre or Ptolemais. During which
tran factions, Philip Auguftus king of France, and
Richaid I. king of England, joined the croifade ; bv
which means the Chriitian army confifted of 300,000
fighung men : but great dilutes happening between
the kings of fiance and England, the former quilted
tp- Holy Lane, and Richard, concluded a peace with
Saladin.
J ne com ;.n croifade was undertaken, in the year
2195, by the emperor Henry VI. after Saladin’s death.
In this expedition the Chrifiians gained feveral battles
againft tnc infidels, took a great many towns, and
were in the way of fuccefs, when the death of the em¬
peror obliged them to quit the Holy Land, and return
into Germany.
1 he firth croifade was publifhed, by order of Pope
Innocent III. in 1 198. Thole- engaged in it made
fruitlefs efforts for the recovery of the Holy Land j for,
though John de Neule, who commanded the fleet
equipped in Flanders, arrived at Ptolemais a little after
Simon of Montfort, Reynard of Dampierre, and others j
yet the plague deft toying many of them, and the reft
either returning, or engaging in the petty quarrels of
the Chriftian princes, there was nothing done j fo
that the foldan of Aleppo eafily defeated their troops in
1204.
- 1 he fixth croifade began in 12285 2° which the
Chriftians took the town of Damietta, but were forced
to furrender it again. 1 he next year the emperor
Frederic made peace with the foldan for 10 years.
Aocut 1240, Richard earl of Cornwall, and brother
to Henry III. king of England, arrived in PalefUne
at the head of the Engliih croifade : but finding it moft
advantageous to conclude a peace, he re-embarked,
and fleered towards Italy. In 1244, the Karafinians
being driven out of Perfia by the Tartars, broke into
Paleftine, and gave the Chriftians a general defeat near
Gaza.
The feventh croifade was headed by St Lewis, in the
year 1249, u’1110 to°^ 4C town of Damietta : but a
ficknefs happening in the Chriftian army, the king
endeavoured to retreat 5 in which being purfued by the
infidels, moft of his army were miferably butchered,
and himfelf and the nobility taken prifoners. Then a
truce was agreed upon for 10 years, and the king and
lords fet at liberty.
The eighth cioifade, in 1270, was headed by the fame
prince, who made himfelf mafter of the port and caftle
of Carthage in Africa 5 but dying in a ftiort time, he
left his army in a very ill condition. Soon after, the
king of Sicily coming up with a good fleet, and join¬
ing Philip the Bold, fon and fucceffor of Lewis, the king
of Tunis, after feveral engagements with the Chrifti¬
ans, in which he was always worfted, defired peace,
which was granted upon .conditions advantageous to
the Chriftians 5 after which both princes embarked for
their own kingdoms. Prince Edward of England,
who arrived at Tunis at the time of this treaty, failed
towards Ptolemais, where he landed with a fmall body
5 of
Croifade,