Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 6, CHI-Crystallization

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CON
icor- folio} and Schmidius improving on a fimilar work of
nce H. Stephen, has given an excellent Greek concordance
II .. for the New Teftament, the bcft edition of which is
ordia. , r t • r'
^ j tliat of Leiphc, an. 1717.
Calafius, an Italian Cordelier, has given us concord¬
ances of the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, in two co¬
lumns j the firft, which is Hebrew, is that of R. Mor-
decai Nathan, word for word, and according to the
order of the books and chapters : in the other column
is a Latin interpretation of each paffage of Scripture
quoted by R. Mordecai j this interpretation is Cala-
fius’s own •, but in the margin he adds that of the
LXX. and the Vulgate, when different from his. The
work is in 4 vols folio, printed at Rome in 1621.
We have feveral very copious concordances in Eng-
liih, as Newmann’s, &c. but the laft and beft efteemed
is that in 410 by Alexander Cruden.
CONCORDANT VERSES, fuch as have feveral
words in common j but which, by the addition of other
words, convey an oppofite, at leail a different meaning.
Such are thofe.
r C cam's 1 . r, t vvnatur 7 , • C fervat.
CONCORDAT, in the canon law, denotes a
covenant or agreement concerning k me beneficiary
matter, as a refignation, permutation, promotion, or
the like.
The council of Trent, felf. vi. de reform, cap. 4.
fpeaking of concordats made without the authority
and approbation of the pope, calls them concordias qua;
tantum fuos obligant auBores, novrfuccejfores. And the
congregation of cardinals, who have explained this
decree, declares alfo that a concordat cannot be va¬
lid fo as to bind fucceffors, unlefs confirmed by the
pope.
Concordat is alfo ufed, abfoiutely, among the
French, for an agreement concluded at Bologna in
1516, between Pope Leo X. and Francis I. of France,
for regulating the manner of nominating to benefices.
The concordat ferves in lieu of the pragmatic fanc-
tian, which has been abrogated \ or rather, it is the
pragmatic fanftion foftened and reformed. The con ¬
cordat between the pope and the republic of Venice
refembles the former.
There is alfo a German concordat, made between
the emperor Frederic III. and the princes of Germa¬
ny, in 1448, relating to beneficiary matters, confirmed
by Pope Nicholas V.
CONCORDIA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
Mirandola j featcd on the river Sechia, 5 miles weft of
Mirandola, and 15 miles fouth-eaft of Mantua; fubjedt
to the houfe of Auftria. E. Long. 11. 13. N. Lat.
44- 52.
Concordia, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Ve-
neti, fituated at the confluence of the rivers Romatinus
Major and Minor, 31 miles to the weft of Aquileia,
(Pliny, Ptolemy, Antonine); a colony furnamed Julia.
Its ruins ftill go by the name of Concordia.—Another
Concordia (Ptolemy), of Lufitania, to the north-weft
of Trajan’s bridge, on the Tagus.—A third of the
Nemetes, in Belgica, on the weft fide of the Rhine; a
Roman fortrefs, fituated between Brocomagus and No-
viomagus. Now Drufenheim, in Alface, E, Long.
8. N. Lat, 48. 40.
CON
Concordia, a Pagan divinity of the Romans. She Concordia
had a temple on the declivity of the Capitol; another
in the Portico of Livia; and a third on Mount Pala-
tine, built of brafs by Cn. Flavius, on account ofu——
a vow made for reconciling the fenate and people. She
was pidlured with a cup in her right hand ; in her
left was fometimes a feeptre, and fometimes a cornu¬
copia. Her fymbols were two hands joined, as is feen
in a coin of Aurelius Verus, and another of Nero; alfo
two ferpents twilling about a caduceus. She was ad-
drefled to promote the peace and muon of families and
citizens.
CONCOU, in Botany, a name given by the people
of Guinea to an herb, which is in great efteem among
them for killing that troublefome fort of worm called
the Guinea-worm, that breeds in their flelh. They
bruife the leaves, and mixing them with oil apply
them in form of a cataplafm.
CONCRETE, in the fchool-philofophy, an aflem-
blage or compound.
Concrete, in Natural Bhilofophy and Chemijiry,
fignifies a body made up of different principles, or any
mixed body : thus, foap is a factitious concrete, mix¬
ed together by art ; and antimony is a natural con¬
crete, or a mixed body compounded in the bowels of
the earth.
CONCRETION, the uniting feveral fmall particles
of a natural body into fenfible maffes or concretes,
whereby it becomes fo and fo figured and determined,
and is endued with fuch and fuch properties.
Concretion is alfo the aft whereby foft bodies are
rendered hard ; or an infenfible motion of the particles
of a fluid or foft body, whereby they come to a con-
fiftence. It is indifferently ufed for induration, conden-
fation, congelation, and coagulation.
CONCUBINAGE fometimes expreffes a criminal
or prohibited commerce between the two fexes ; in
which fenfe it comprehends adultery, inceft, and fimple
fornication.
In its more reftrained fenfe, ebneubinage is ufed for
a man’s and a woman’s cohabiting together in the way
of marriage, without having paffed the ceremony
thereof.
Concubinage was anciently tolerated : the Roman
law calls it an allowed cuftom, licila confuetudo. When
this expreflion occurs in the conftitutions of the
Chriftian emperors, it fignifies what we now call a
marriage in confcience.
The concubinage tolerated among the Romans in
the time of the republic, and of the heathen emperor's,
was that between perfons not capable of contrafting
marriage together; nor did they even refufe to let in¬
heritances defeend to children which fprung from fuch
a tolerated cohabitance. Concubinage between fuch
perfons they looked on as a kind of marriage, and even
allowed it feveral privileges ; but then this concubinage
was confined to a fingle perfon, and was of perpetual
obligation as much as marriage itfelf. Hottoman ob-
ferves, that the Roman laws had allowed of concubi¬
nage long before Julius Csefar made that law whereby
every one was allowed to marry as many wives as he
pleafed. The emperor Valentinian, Socrates tells us,
allowed every man two.
Concubinage is alfo ufed for a marriage performed
with kfs folemnity than the formal marriage : or a
marriage
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