Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 6, CHI-Crystallization

C L E [ I
Chzome- by one is a cave hewn in the rock, and affording water.
riE,e A vaulted room with a chimney at one end, and a ho-
Cleevcrs Ve^ °r tVVO ma^e ^ones pil^d, are all the prefent
> ^ ftru&ures 5 and thefe are chiefly frequented by filher-
men and by perfons employed to watch and to drive
away birds when the grain ripens. Referring to this
confined fituation of Clazomenae, a famous fophift,
when importuned to adorn his native city by refiding
in it rather than at Smyrna, replied, The nightingale
refufes to ftng in a cage.
CLEANTHES, a Stoic philofopher, difciple of
Zeno, flourifhed 240 years before Chrift. He main¬
tained himfelf in the day by working in the night :
being queflioned by the magiftrates how he fubfifted,
he brought a woman for whom he kneaded bread,
and a gardener for whom he drew water j and refufed
a prefent from them. He corrtpofed feveral works,
of which there are now only a few fragments remain-
ing.
CLEAR, as a naval term, is varioufly applied to
the weather, the fea-coafts, cordage, navigation, &c.
The weather is faid to be clear when it is fair and
open, as oppofed to cloudy or foggy. The fea coafl: is
called clear when the navigation is not interrupted, or
rendered dangerous by rocks, fands, or breakers, &c.
It is expreffed of cordage, cables, &c. when they are
unembarraffed or difentangled, fo as to be ready for
immediate fervice. It is ufually oppofed to foul in all
thefe fenfes.
CLEARCHUS, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus,
who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pu¬
pils, during the celebration of the feftivals of Bacchus.
He had enjoyed the fovereign power during 12 years.
A Lacedaemonian fent to quiet the Byzantines. He
was recalled, but refufed to obey, and fled to Cyrus
the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek
foldiers. He obtained a viflory over Artaxerxes, who
was fo enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell
into his hands by the treachery of Tiffaphernes, he put
him immediately to death.
CLEx^lTS, in naval affairs, pieces of wood having
one or two projetting ends whereby to faften the
ropes : fome of them are fattened to the throuds below
for this purpofe, and others nailed to different places
of the (hip’s deck or tides.
CLECHE, in Heraldry, a kind of crofs, charged
with another crofs of the fame figure, but of the colour
of the field.
CLEDGE, among miners, denotes the upper ttra-
tum of fullers earth.
CLEDONISM, Cledonismus, a kind of divina¬
tion, in ufe among the ancients. The word is formed
from which fignifies two things, rumor, “ a
report,” and avis, “ a bird.” In the firlt fenfe, cle-
donifm thould denote a kind of divination drawn from
words occafionally uttered. Cicero obferves, that the
Pythagoreans made obfervation not only of the words
of the gods, but of thofe of men ; and accordingly be¬
lieved the pronouncing of certain words, e. g. incen-
dium, at a meal, very unhappy. Thus, inftead of pri-
fon, they ufed the word domicilium; and to avoid erin-
nys, furies, faid eumenides. In the fecond fenfe, cledo-
nfn thould feem a divination drawn from birds j the
fame with ornithomantia.
CLEEVERS. See Clivers,
86 ] C L E
CLEF, or Cliff, in Mujic, derived from, the La- c;ief.J
tin word clavis, “ a key j” becaufe by it is expreffed —y—
the fundamental found in the diatonic fcale, which re¬
quires a determined fucceflion of tones or femitones,
whether major or minor, peculiar to the note from
whence we fet out, and rcfulting from its pofition in
the fcale. Hence, as it opens a way to this fuccef-
fion, and difcovers it, the technical term iei/ is ufed
with great propriety. But clefs rather point out
the pofition of different mufical parts in the general
fyflem, and the relations which they bear one to an¬
other.
A clef, fays Rouffeau, is a character in mufic placed
at the beginning of a Have, to determine the degree of
elevation occupied by that ftave in the general claviary
or fyftem, and to point out the names of all the notes
which it contains in the line of that clef.
Anciently the letters by which the notes of the ga¬
mut were fignified were called clejs. Thus the leU
ter A was the clef of the note la, C the clef of ut, E
the clef of mi, &c. In proportion as the fyflem was
extended, the embarrafl'ment and fuperfluity of this
multitude of clefs were felt.
Gui d’Arezzo, who had invented them, marked a
letter or clef at the beginning of each line in the ftave j
for as yet he had placed no notes in the fpaces. In
procefs of time they marked no more than one of the
feven clefs at the beginning of one of the lines only ;
and this was fufficient to fix the pofition of all the
refl, according to their natural order : at laft, of thefe
feven lines or clefs they fele£!ed four, which were call¬
ed claves Jignatce, or difcriminating clefs, becaufe they
fatisfied themfelves with marking one of them upon
one of the lines, from which the powers of all the others
might be recognized. Prefently afterwards they even
retrenched one of thefe four, viz. the gamma, of
which they made ufe to mark the fol below, that is to
fay, the hypoproflambanomene added to the fyftem of
the Greeks.
In reality Kircher afferts, that if we underftood the
charafters in which ancient mufic was written, and exa¬
mined minutely the forms of our clefs, we fliould find
that each of them reprefents the letter a little altered
in its form, by which the note was originally named.
Thus the clef of fol was originally a G, the clef of ut
a C, and the clef of fa an F.
We have then three clefs, one a fifth above the plate
other: the clef of F, or fa, which is the lowed ; CXLlV.
the clef of ut, or C, which is the fifth above the for-%^
mer *, and the clef of fol, or G, which is a fifth above Vo ’
that of ut. Thefe clefs, both as marked by foreigners
and in Britain, may be feen in art. 170 of Music j up¬
on which it is neceffary to remark, that by a remain
of ancient praflice, the clef is always placed upon a
line, and never in a fpace. It deferves notice, that
the clef of fa is marked in three different manners: one
in mufic which is printed ; another in mufic which is
written or engraved j and a third in the full harmony
of the chorus.
By adding four lines above the clef offol, and three
lines beneath the clef of fa, which gives both above
and below the greateft extent of permanent or efta-
blifhed lines, it appears, that the whole fcale of notes
which can be placed upon the gradations relative to
thtfe clefs amounts to 24 j that is to fay, three odlaves
and