Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 6, CHI-Crystallization

C I N
Chnon He died as he was befieging the town of Citium in
li Cyprus He may be called the laft of the Greeks
Cincho.iR. wj10pe jpjrj- an(] boldnefs defeated the armies of the
barbarians. He was fueh an inveterate enemy to the
Perfian power, that he formed a plan of totally de-
flroving it •, and in his wars he had fo reduced the
Perfians, that they promifed in a treaty not to pafs
the Chelidonian iflands with their Heel, or to approach
• within a day’s journey of the Grecian feas. See At-
TIC A.
CINALOA, a province of Mexico in South A-
merica, abounding in corn, cattle, and cotton ; and
rendered extremely pifturefque by a number of beau¬
tiful cafcades of clear water that fall down from the
mountains. It lies on the eaflern coaft of the lea of
California, and has a town of the fame name, fituated
in N. Lat. 26°.
CINARA, the Artichoke. See Cynara, Bo¬
tany Index.
CINCHONA. See Botany Index,
According to fome, the Peruvians learned the ufe
of the bark of this tree by obferving certain animals
affected with intermittents inftinftively led to it; while
others fay, that a* Peruvian having an ague, was cured
by happening to drink of a pool which, from fume
trees having fallen into it, tailed of cinchona ; and its
ufe in gangrene is laid to have originated from its cur¬
ing one in an aguilh patient. About the year 1640,
the lady of the Spanilh viceroy, the Comitiffa dfel Cin-
chon, was cured by the bark, which has therefore been
called Cortex or Pu/vis Comitifj're Cinchona-^ Chinachi-
rin, or Chinchina, Kinakina or Kinkina, ^uinuquina or
Quinquina; and from the interell which the cardinal
de Lugo and the Jefuit fathers took in its didribution,
it has been called Cortex or Pu/vis Cardmalis de Lugo,
Jefuiticus, Patrum, <b'c.
On its firll introdu6lion into Europe, it was repro¬
bated by many eminent phyficians; and at different pe¬
riods long after, it was confidered a dangerous remedy ;
but its character, in procefs of time, became very uni-
verfally eltablilhed. For a number of years, the bark
which is rolled up into (hort thick quills, with a rough
coat, and a bright cinnamon colour in the infide,
which broke brittle, and was found, had an aromatic
flavour, a bitterifh aftringent tafte, with a degree of
aromatic warmth, was efleemed the bell ; though fome
efteemed the large pieces as of equal goodntf-. Dur¬
ing the time of the late war, in the year 1779, the
Hulfar frigate took a Spanifb Ihip, loaded principally
with Peruvian bark, which was much larger, thicker,
and of a deeper reddifh colour than the bark in com¬
mon ufe. Soon after it was brought to London, it was
tried in St Bartholomew’s hofpital, and in other hofpi-
tals about town, and was faid to be more efficacious
than the quill bark. This put pra6litioners upon exa¬
mining into the hiffiory of the bark, on trxing txneri-
ments with it, and of making comparative trials of its
effe£ls with thofe of the bark in common ufe on pa-
tit nts labouring under intermittent complaints. In
July 1782, Dr William Saunders publiffied an account
of this red bark, in which he fays that the fmall quill
bark ufed in England is either the bark of young
trees, or of the twigs or branches of the old ones ;
and that the large bark, called the red bark from the
deep colour, is the bark of the trunk of the old trees ;
C I N
and he mentions a Mr Arnot, who himfelf gathered CincWia.
the Lark from the trees in Peru ; and Monf. Conda- y—j
mine, who gives an account of the tree in the Me¬
moirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris in the
year 1738 ; who both fay, that taking the bark from
an old tree effe&ually kills it ; but that molt of the
young trees which are barked recover, and continue
healthy ; and that for thefe reafons the Spaniards now
barked the younger trees for foreign markets, though
they Hill imported into Spain fome of the bark of the
old trees, which they efteemed to be much more effi¬
cacious than what was got from the young. From
thefe accounts Dr Saunders concludes, that the large
red bark brought to London in the year 1779 was of
the fame kind as that ufed by Sydenham and Morton,
as it anfwers to the defeription of the bark ufed in
their time, which is given by Dale and other writers
on the materia medica, who were their contemporaries.
Dr Saunders fays, that it is not only ftronger and
more refinous, but likewife more efficacious and certain
in its effect, than the common bark, and had cured
many agues after the other had failed.
A fpecies of cinchona has alfo been difeovered in
the Weft India iflands, particularly in Jamaica. It is
accurately deferibed by Dr Wright, under the title
of Cinchona Jamaicen/isy in a paper publiflied in the
Philofophical Tranfadtions. In Jamaica it is called
the feajide beech, and grows from 20 to 40 feet high.
The white, furrowed, thick outer bark is not ufed;
the dark brown inner bark has the common flavour,
with a mixed kind of a tafte, at firft of horfe radiftt
and ginger, becoming at laft bitter and aftringent. It
feems to give out more extradlive matter than the cin¬
chona officinalis. Some of it was imported from St
Lucia, in confequence of its having been ufed with ad¬
vantage in the army and navy during the laft war; and
it has lately been treated o>f at confiderable length by
Dr Kentilh, under the title of St Lucia bark. The
frefli bark is found to be confiderably emetic and ca¬
thartic, which properties it is faid to lofe on drying.
The pale and the red are chiefly in ufe in Britain.
The pale is brought to us in pieces of different fizes,
either flat or quilled, and the powder is rather of a
lighter colour than that of cinnamon. The red is ge¬
nerally in much larger, thicker, flattifh pieces, but
fometimes alfo in the form of quills, and its powder is
reddiffi like that of Armenian bole. As already ob<-
ferved, it is much more refinou-., and poffeffes the fen-
fible qualities of the cinchona in a much higher degree
than the other forts ; and the more nearly the other
kinds referable the red bark, the better they are now
.confidered. The red bark is heavy, firm, found, and
dry; friable between the teeth ; does not feparate into
fibres; and breaks, not ftiivery, but fliort, clofe, and
fmooth. It has three layers ; the outer is thin, rug¬
ged, of a reddifh brown colour, but frequently cover¬
ed with moffy matter; the middle is thicker, more
compact, darker coloured, very refinous, brittle, and
yie'ds firft to the peftle ; the inmoft is more woody,
fibrous, and of a brighter red.
The Peruvian bark yields its virtues both to cold
and boiling water; but the decoction is thicker, gives
out its tafte more readily, and forms an ink with a
chalybeate more fuddenly than the frefh cold infufion.
This infufion, however, contains at leaft as much ex-
tra&ive
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