Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 5, BUR-CHI

C A K
:rthageaa kingdom of Murcia, and capital of a territory of the
il . fame name ; built by Afdrubal, a Carthaginian gene-
nousS'" ra^ anc* namec^ a^ter Carthage. It has the bell haf-
I ^ , - hour in all Spain, but nothing elfe very confiderable j
the bilhop’s fee being transferred to Toledo. In 1706
it was taken by Sir John Leake : but the duke of Ber¬
wick retook it afterwards. W. Long. o. 58. N. Lat.
37- 36*
CARTHAMUS. See Botany Index, The car-
thamus tinctorius is at prefent cultivated in many parts
of Europe, and alfo in the Levant, from whence great
quantities of it are annually imported into Britain for
the purpofes of dying and painting. The good qua¬
lity of this commodity is in the colour, which is of a
bright faffron hue : and in this the Britifh carthamus
very often fails ; for if there happens much rain during
the time the plants are in flower, the flowers change
to a dark or dirty yelTbw, as they likewife do if the
flowers arc gathered with any moifture remaining up¬
on them.—The feeds of carthamus have been celebra¬
ted as a cathartic ; but they operate very flowly, and
for the moil part diforder the ilomach and bowels, efpe-
eially when given in fubftance : triturated with didd¬
led aromatic waters, they form an emulflon lefs offenfive,
yet inferior in efficacy to the more common purgatives.
They are eaten by a fpecies of Egyptian parrot, which
is very fond of them j to other birds or beads they
would prove a mortal poifon.
CARTHUSIANS, a religious order, founded in the
year 1080, by one Brudo. The Carthufians, fo called
from the defert of Ghartreux, the place of their inditu-
tion, are remarkable for the auderity of their rule.
They are not to go out of their cells, except to church,
without leave of their fuperior, nor fpeak to any perfon
without leave. They mud not keep any portion of
their meat or drink till next day j their beds are of
draw, covered with a felt; their clothing two hair¬
cloths, two cowls, two pair of hofe, and a cloak, all coarfe.
In the refe&ory, they are to keep their eyes on the diffi,
their hands on the table, their attention on the reader, and
their hearts fixed on God. Women are not allowed to
come into their churches. It is computed that there arc
172 houfes of Carthufians j whereof five are of nuns, who
praftife the fame auderities as the monks. They are
divided into 16 provinces, each of which has two vifitors.
There have been feveral canonized faints of this order,
four cardinals, 70 archbiffiops and bifhops, and a great
many very learned writers.
CARTHUSIAN Powder^ the fame with kermes mine¬
ral. See K.ERMES.
CARTILAGE, in Anatomy, a body approaching to
the nature of bones •, but lubricous, flexible, and elaf-
tic. See Anatomy Index.
PtZooi. CARTILAGINOUS, in Ichthyology, a title given
*5- aR filh whole mufcles are fupported by cartilages in¬
dead of boned* j and Comprehends the fame genera of
fiffi to which Linnaeus has given the name of amphibia
names: but the word amphibia ought properly to be con¬
fined to fuch animals as inhabit both elements 5 and can
live, without any inconvenience, for a confiderable time,
either on land or in water •, fuch as tortoifes, frogs, and
feveral fpecies of lizards j and among the quadrupeds,
hippopotami, &e. &c.
Many of the cartilaginous fiih are viviparous, being
GAB.
excluded front an egg, which is hatched within them. C wtilagb
The egg confids of a white and yolk j and is lodged ni,us
in a cafe formed of a thick tough fubdance, not unlike cJ‘on-
foftened horn : fuch are the eggs of the ray and/Wf . ^ - y
kinds. Some again difter in this refpeft, and are ovi¬
parous : fuch is the Jiurgeon, and others.
They breathe either through certain apertures be¬
neath, as in the rays; on their lides, as in the Jharks^
&c.; or on the top of the head, as in the p’pe-jijh: for
they have not covers to their gills like the bony fidi.
CARTMEL, a town of Lancaffiire in England.
It is feated among the hills called Cartmel-fells, not
far from the fea, and near the river Kent ; adorned
with a very handfome church, built in the form of a
crofs like a cathedral. The market is well fupplied
with corn, Iheep, and fifh. W. Long. 2. 43. N. Lat.
54- 15-
CARTON, or Cartoon, in Painting, a defign
drawn on drong paper,- to be afterwards chalked
through, and transferred on the frefh plader of a wall,
to be painted in frefco. It is alfo ufed for a defign
coloured, for working in mofaic, tapedry, &c. The
word is from the Italian cartoni {carta “ paper,” and
oni “ large,”) denoting many dieets of paper paded
on canvas on which large deligns are made, whether
coloured or with chalks only. Of thefe many are to
be feen at Rome, particularly by Domenichino. Thofe
by Andrea Mantegna, which are at Hampton Court,
were made for paintings in the old ducal palace at
Mantua. But the mod famous performances of this
fort are,
The Cartoons of Raphael, fo defervedly applauded
throughout Europe by all authors of refined tade, and
all true admirers of the art of defign, for their various
and matchlefs merit, particularly with regard -to the
invention, and to the great and noble expreffion of
fuch a variety of characters, countenances, and mod
expreffive attitudes, as they are differently affeCled and
properly engaged, in every compofition. Thefe car¬
toons are feven in number, and form only a fmall part
of the facred hidorical defigns executed by this great
artid, while engaged in the chambers of the Vatican
under the aufpices of Popes Julius II. and Leo X.
When finilhed, they were fent to Flanders, to be co¬
pied in tapedry, for adorning the pontifical apart¬
ments 5 which tapedries were not fent to Rome till fe¬
veral years after the deeeafe of Raphael, and even in all
probability were not finiffied and fent there before the
terrible fack of that city in the time of Clement VII.
when Raphael’s fcholars had fled from thence, and
none left to enquire after the original cartoons, which
lay negleCted in the dorerooms of the manufactory.
The great revolution alfo which followed in the Low
Countries prevented their being noticed amidd the en¬
tire negleCt of the works of art. It was therefore a
mod fortunate circumdance that thefe feven efcaped
the -wreck of the others, which were torn in pieces
and remained difperfed as fragments in different collec¬
tions. Thefe feven were purchafed by Rubens for
Charles I. and they have been fo roughly handled
from the fird, that holes were pricked for the weavers
to pounce the outlines, and other parts almod cut
through in tracing alfo. In this date perhaps they as
fortunately efcaped the fale amongd the royal collec-
F f 2 tion.
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