Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 5, BUR-CHI

CAR , [ 187 ] 'CAR
ged to put the victuals into his hand. He was an an-
tagoniil of the Stoics j and applied himfelf with great
eagernefs to refute the works of Chryfippus, one of the
molt celebrated philofophers of their fe£t. The power
of his eloquence was dreaded even by a Roman fenate.
The Athenians being condemned by the Romans to
pay a fine of 500 talents for plundering the city of O-
ropus, fent ambaffadors to Rome, who got the fine mi¬
tigated to 100 talbnts. Carneades the Academic,
Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaits the Peripatetic,
were charged with this embaffy. Before they had an
audience of the fenate, they harangued to great multi¬
tudes in different parts of the city. Carneades’s elo¬
quence was diftinguilhed from that of the others by its
ftrength and rapidity. Cato the Elder made a motion
in the fenate that thefe ambaffadors fhould be immedi¬
ately fent back, becaufe it was very difficult to difeern
the truth through the arguments of Carneades. The
Athenian ambaifadors (faid many of the fenators) were
fent rather to force us to comply with their demands,
than to folicit them by perfuafion ; meaning, that it
was impolfible to refill the power of that eloquence
with which Carneades addrefled himl'elf to them. Ac¬
cording to Plutarch, the youth at Rome were fo
charmed by the orations of this philofopher, that they
forfook their exercifes and other diverlions, and were
carried with a kind of madnefs to philofbphy; the hu¬
mour of philofophizing fpreading like enthufiafm. This
grieved Cato, who was particularly afraid of the fub-
tility of wit and ilrength of argument with which Car¬
neades maintained either fide of a queltion. Carneades
harangued in favour of juftice one day, and the next
day againft it, to the admiration of all who heard him,
among whom were Galba and Cato, the greateft ora¬
tors of Rome. This was his element 5 he delighted in
demolifhing his own work \ becaufe it ferved in the
end to confirm his grand principle, that there are only
probabilities or refemblances of truth in the mind of
man ; fo that of two things direftly oppofite, either
ma37 be chofen indifferently. Quintilian remarks, that
though Carneades argued in favour of injuftiee, yet he
himfelf afled according to the ftridl rules of iuftice.
The following was a maxim of Carneades : “ If a man
privately knew that his enemy, or any other peri’on
whofe death might be of advantage to him, would
come to fit down on grafs in which there lurked an
afp, he ought to give him notice of it, though it were
in the power of no perfon whatever to blame him for
being blent.” Carneades, according to fome, lived
to be 85 years old : others make him to be 90 : his
death is placed in the 4th year of the 162d Olym¬
piad.
CARNEDDE, in Britiih antiquity, denotes heaps
of (tones, fuppofed to be druidical remains, and thrown
together on occafion of confirming and commemorat¬
ing a covenant, Gen. xxxi. 46. They are very com¬
mon in the ifle of Anglefey, and were alfo ufed as fe-
pulchral monuments, in the manner of tumuh ; for Mr
Rowland found a curious urn in one of thefe carnedde.
Whence it may be inferred, that the Britons had the
cuftom of throwing (tones on the deceafed. From this
cuftom is derived the.WeKh proverb, Karn archjbcn,
“ 111 betide thee.”
CARNEIA, in antiquity, a feftival in honour of
Apollo, furnamed Carneus, held in mod cities of
Greece, but efpecially at Sparta, where it was (irff in- Carneia
ftituted. 11
The reafon of the name, as well as the occafion of <-’ar“'r~cx'
the inftitution is controverted. It laded nine days, be-
ginning on the 13th of the month Carneus. The ce¬
remonies were an imitation of the method of living and
difeipline ufed in camps.
CARNEL.—The building of (hips firft with their
timber and beams, and after bringing on their planks,
is called camel work, to diilinguiih it from clinch
work.
Veffels alfo which go with mizen fails inftead of
main fails are by fome called camels.
CARNELIAN, in NaturalHi/iory, a precious (lone,
of which there are three kinds, diftinguilhed by three
colours, a red, a yellow, and a white. The red is
very well known among us ; is found in roundifti or
oval maffes, much like our common pebbles ; and is
generally met with between an inch and two or three
inches in diameter j it is of a fine, compadt, and clofe
texture \ of a glofl'y furface j and, in the feveral fpe-
cimens, is of all the degrees of red, from the paleft
flefh.colour to the deepeft blood-red. It is generally
free from fpots, clouds, or variegations : but fometimes
it is veined very beautifully witli an extremely pale
red, or with white 5 the veins forming concentric cir¬
cles, or other lefs regular figures, about a nucleus, in
the manner of thofe of agates. The pieces of earne-
lian, which are all one colour, and perfectly free from
veins, are thofe which our jewellers generally make
ufe of for feals, though the variegated ones are much
more beautiful. The carnelian is tolerably hard, and
capable of a very good polilh: it is not at all affe&ed
by acid menftruums : the fire divefts it of a part of
its colour, and leaves it of a pale red ; and a ftrong
and long-continued heat will reduce it to a pale dirty
gray,
The fined carnelians are thofe of the Eaft Indies 5
but there are very beautiful ones found in the rivers of
Silefia and Bohemia ; and we have fome not dofpicablc
ones in England.
Though the ancients have recommended the carne¬
lian as aitringent, and attributed a number of fanciful
virtues to it, we know of no otEer uie of the (tone
than the cutting feals on it to which purpofe it is
excellently adapted, as being not too hard for cutting,
and yet hard enough not to be liable to accidents, to
take a good polilh, and to feparate eaiily from the
wax.
CARNERO, h\ Geographij, a name given to that
part of the gulf of Venice which extends from the
weftern coaft of Iftria to the ifiands of Groffa and the
coaft of Morlachia.
C iRNERO is likewife the name of the cape to the
weft of the m tilth of the bay of Gibraltar.
C ARNIFEX, among the Romans, the common ex¬
ecutioner. By reafon of the odioufnefs of his office, the
carnifex was exprefsly prohibited by the law's from ha¬
ving his duelling houfe within the city. In middle-
age writers-carnifex alfo denotes a butcher.
Under the Anglo-Danith kings, the carnifex was an
officer of great dignity ; being ranked wdth the archbi-
(hopofYork, Earl Goodwin, and the lord fteward.
Flor. Wigorn. ann. 1040, Rex Hardecanutus, Alfricum
Ebor. Archiep. Goodwinum comitem, Edricum difpenfa-
A a 2 iorem,