Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 5, BUR-CHI

CAM [85] CAM
Calx wster, makes a conliderable bubbling and biffing noife,
II and has, without previous burning, the quality of mak-
Camsea. a cement jjme or plafter of Paris.
v Calx Viva, or Quicklime, that whereon no water
has been call j in contradiftion to lime which has been
flaked by pouring water on it.
CALYB1TES, the inhabitants of a cottage, an ap¬
pellation given to divers faints on account of their long
relidence in forne hut by way of mortification.
The word is formed from xx>.v7rh», tego, I cover;
whence KxXt&n, a Little cot. The Romifh church com-
memorates St John the Calybite on the 15*^ De¬
cember.
CALYCANTHEMS, in Botany, an order of
plants in the Fragmenta methodi naturaiis of Linnaeus,
in which are the following genera, viz. epilobium,
eenothera, juffiaea, ludivigia, oldenlandia, ifnarda, &c.
See Botany, Natural Orders.
CALYCANTHUS. See Botany Wav.
CALYCIFLORaE, in Botany, the 16th order in
Linnaeus’s Fragmenta methodi naturaiis, conlifting of
plants which, as the title imports, have the ilamina
(the flower) inferted into the calyx. This order con¬
tains the following genera, viz. eleagnus, hippophae,
ofyris, and trophis. See Botany.
CALYCISTiE, (from calyx, the flower-cup), fy-
ftematic botaniits, fo named by Linnaeus, who have
arranged all vegetables from the different fpecies,
ftru&ure, and other circumilances, of the calyx or
flower-cup. The only fyftems of this kind are the
Char adder Plantarum Novus, a pofthumous work of
Magnolius, profeffor of botany at Montpelier, publifh-
ed in 1720;. and Linnaeus’s Methodus Ca/ycma, pub-
lifhed in his C/q/Jes Plantarum, at Leyden, in 1738.
See Botany, H/Jlory.
CAL YD ON, in Ancient Geography, a town of
^Etolia, fituated feven miles and a half from the fea,
and divided by the river Evenus •, the country was an¬
ciently called JEolir, from the Atolians its inhabitants.
This country was famous for the ftory of Meleager
and the Calydonian boar.
CALYPSO, in fabulous hiftory, a goddefs who
was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, or, as others
fay, of Atlas. She was queen of the ifland of Ogygia,
which from her was called the ifland of Cahypfo. Ac¬
cording to Homer, Ulyffes fuffered Ihipwreck on her
coaft, and ftaid with her feveral years,
CALYPTRA, among botanifts, a thin membrana¬
ceous involucrum, ufually of a conic figure, which co¬
vers the parts of fruflification. Th» capfules of moft
ef the moffes have calyptrae.
CALYX, among botanifts, a general term, expref-
fing the cup of a flower, or that part of a plant w hich
furrounds and fupports the other parts of the flower.
The cups of flowers are very various in their ftruc-
ture, and on that account diftinguifhed by feveral names,
as perianthium, involucrum,fpatha,gluma, &.c. See Bo¬
tany.
Cx'kLZADA, a town of Old Caftile in Spain, feat-
ed on the river Leglera. W. Long. 2. 47* N. Lat.
42. 12.
C AM/EA, in NaturalH'Jlovy, a genus of the femi-
• pellucid gems, approaching to the onyx ftrufture, be¬
ing compofed of zones, and formed on a cryftalline
bafis: but having their zones very broad and thick, Cfeme*
and laid alternately one on another, with no common ^ ^ v
matter between ; ufually lefs tranfparent, and more ;;a,h
debafcd with earth, than the onyxes. u—y—=
I. One fpecies of the canuva is the dull-looking
onyx, with broad, black, and white zones j and is the
camrea of the moderns, and the Arabian onyx. This
fpecies is found in Egypt, Arabia, Perfia, and the Eaft
Indies. 2. Another fpecies of the camaea is the dull
broad-zoned, green and wdiite camasa, or the jafpi-
camteo of the Italians : it is found in the Eaft Indies,
and in fome parts of America. 3. The third is the
hard canuea, with broad white and chefnut-coloured
veins. 4. The hard canuea, with bluilh, w'hite, and
flelh-coloured broad veins, being the fardonyx of Pli¬
ny’s time, only brought from the Eaft Indies.
CikMAIEU, or Camayeu, a word ufed to exprefs
a peculiar fort of onyx : alfo by fome to exprels a
ftone, whereon are found various figures, and repre--
fentations of landfcapes, &c. formed by a kind of lufus
natures, fo as to exhibit pictures without painting.
The word comes from camahuia, a name the Orientals
give to the onyx, when they find, in preparing it, ano¬
ther colour j as who ftiould fay, a fecondJlone. It is
of thefe camaieux Pliny is to be underftood w hen he
fpeaks of the manifold picture of gems, and the party-
coloured fpots of precious ftones: Gemmarum piclura
tam multiplex lapidumque tarn difcolores macuLe.
Camaieu is alfo applied by others to thofe precious
ftones, as onyxes, cornelians, and agates, whereon the
lapidaries employ their art to aid nature, and perfect
thefe reprefentations. See Cam^ea.
Camaieu is alfo frequently applied to any kind of
gem, whereon figures may be engraved either indent-
edly or in relievo. In this fenfe the lapidaries of Paris
are called in their ftatutes, cutters of camayeux.
A fociety of learned men at Florence undertook to-
procure all the cameos or camayeux and intaglios in the
great duke’s gallery to be engraven 5 and began to
draw the heads of divers emperors in cameos.
Camaieu is alfo ufed for a painting, wherein there
is only one colour ; and where the lights and fhadows
are of gold, wrought on a golden or azure grounds
"When the ground is yellow, the French call it cirage;
when gray, griffaile. This kind of w'ork is chiefly
ufed to reprefent baffo relievos : the Greeks call pieces
of this fort pwfct'UpctTot.
CAMALDULIANS, Camaldunians, or Ca-
MALDOLITES, an order of religious, founded by Ro¬
muald, an Italian fanatic, in 1023, in the horrible de-
fert of Camaldoli, otherw ife called Campo Malduli,
fituated in the ftate of Florence, on the Appennines.
Their rule is that of St Benedict *, and their houfes, by
the ftatutes, are never to be lefs than five leagues from
cities. The Ca'raldulians have not borne that title
from the beginning of their order 5 tilLthe clofe of the
eleventh century they were called Romualdins, from
the name of their founder. Till that time, Camaldu-
lian was a particular name for thofe of the defert Ca¬
maldoli 5 and D. Grandi obferves, was not given to
the whole order in regard it was in this monaftery that
the order commenced, but becaufe the regulation w'as
beft maintained here.
Guido Grandi, mathematician of the grand duke of
Tufeany,