Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 19, Scripture-SUG

sou
iding, rate agaiuft the perfection of the common mode of
:1P- founding.
“ After fo fully defcribing the principle of the patent
founding machine, it is fcarcely neceflary to prove, that
is liable to neither of the foregoing objections and it
may be fufficient to fay, that, as it will certainly find its
way to the bottom, if a fufficient portion of ftray-line be
allowed to guard againft its being checked in its pro-
grefs, and the certainty of its having reached the bot¬
tom may be afcertained by the arming, there can be no
doubt of the practicability of its obtaining foundings, in
any depth, and no reafonable doubt of their correCtnefs
when obtained.
“ From the conftruCtion of this machine, it-might be
imagined, that the rotator would impede its motion
through the water, and that it could not defcend fo ra¬
pidly as the common lead ; but during repeated trials,
in thirteen fathoms water, in which the rotator was fre¬
quently detached, and the lead fuffered to defcend alone,
there was no difference perceptible in the time of their
defcent, though an excellent quarter-fecond Hop watch
was ufed during the experiment, to detect any change.
The following table ffiows how very uniformly the times
of defcent corresponded with the depths in fathoms, du¬
ring a feries of trials made on the river Merfey, with
the patent lead, weighing 14 pounds.
“ The manner of conduCHng thefe experiments was
fuch as is deferving of perfeCt reliance. Two pilots, of
well-known ability and experience, were employed :
one threw the lead, and the other, the moment he found,
by the fiackening of the rope, that the weight had ar¬
rived at the bottom, cried ‘ flop,’ to a third perfon who
held the watch.
[ 479 1
SOU
Time of tiefcent.
2 feconds
2-1
3
5
5i
6
6
7
Fathoms.
2t
3
4
8^-
10
10
Time of defcent. Fathoms.
7^ feconds
7i
7i
7i
7,i
8
6
114
u-s-
1 IT
I 2
I2|
*3
1 Si¬
lo
“ Taken when under fail, at upwards of five knots in
the hour.
“ Several captains and mailers in the navy have made
trial of the log and founding machine, and given very
favourable reports of their performance j and it has been
adopted by order of the Navy Board in the Britilh
navy
SOUP, a ftrong decoClion of fleffi or other fub-
llances.
Portable or dry foup is a kind of cake formed by
boiling the gelatinous parts of animal fubfiances till the
watery parts are evaporated. This fpecies of foup is
chiefly ufed at fea, and has been found of great advan¬
tage. The following receipt will ffiow how it is pre¬
pared.
Of calves foet take 4 ; leg of beef 17 lbs. ; knuckle
of veal 3 lbs ; and leg of mutton 10 lbs. Thefe are
to be boiled in a fufficient quantity of water, and the
foum taken off as ufual ; after which the foup is to be
Separated from the meat by ftraining and prdfure. The
meat is then to be boiled a fecond time in other water $
and the two decoctions, being added together, muff be
left to cool, in order that the fat may be exactly fepa-,
rated. The foup mult then be clarified with five or fix
whites of eggs, and a fufficient quantity of common fait
added. The liquor is then drained through flannel,
and evaporated on the water-bath to the confiflence of
a very thick palte ; after which it is fpread rather thin
upon a fmooth flone, then cut into cakes, and laftly
dried in a ftove until it becomes brittle 5 thefe cakes are
kept in well clofed bottles. The fame procefs may be
ufed to make a portable foup of the flelh of poultry ; and
aromatic herbs may be ufed as a feafoning, if thought
proper.
Thefe tablets or cakes may be kept four or five
years. When intended to be ufed, the quantity of half
an ounce is put into a large glafs of boiling water,
which is to be covered, and fet upon hot allies for a
quarter of an hour, or until the whole is entirely dif-
folved. It forms an excellent foup, and requires no ad>-
dition but a fmall quantity of fait.
SOUR-croute. See Croute.
SOUR-Gourd, or African Calabajh-tree. See Adan-
sonia, Botany Index.
SOUTH, Dr Robert, an eminent divine, was the
fon of Mr William South a merchant of London, and.
was born at Hackney near that city in 1633. He ftu-
died at Weftminfter fchool, and afterwards in Chrifl-
church college, Oxford. In 1654, he wrote a copy e£-
Latin verfes to congratulate Cromwell upon the peace
concluded with the Dutch ; and the next year a Latin
poem, entitled Mufca Incantans. In 1660 he was eletl-
ed public orator of the univerfity ; and the next year
became domeftic chaplain to Edward earl of Clarendon,
lord-high chancellor of England. In 1663 he was in-
flalled prebendary of Weftminfter, admitted to the de¬
gree of doftor of divinity, and had a finecure beftowed
on him in Wales by his patron the earl of Clarendon j
after whofe retirement into France in 1667 he became
chaplain to the duke of York. In 1670 he was inftal-
led canon of Chrift church in Oxford j and in 1676 at¬
tended as chaplain to Laurence Hyde, Efq. ambaffador
extraordinary to the king of Poland. In 1678 he was^
prefented to the retlory of Illip in Oxfordihire ; and
in 1680 rebuilt the chancel of that church, as he after¬
wards did the reftory-houfe belonging to it. After the
revolution he took the oath of allegiance to King Wil¬
liam and Queen Mary, though he excufed himfelf from
accepting a great dignity in the church, vacated by the-
perfonal refufal of that oath. His health began to de¬
cline feveral years before his death, which happened in
1716. He was interred in Weftminfter Abbey, where
a monument is eredted to his memory. He publifhed,
r. Animadverfions on Dr Sherlock’s Vindication of the
Holy and Ever Bleffed Trinity. 2. A Defence of his
Animadverfions. 3. Sermons, 8 vols 8vo. And after
his deeeafe were publifhed his Opera Poflhuma Latina^
and his pofthumous Engliffi works. Dr South was re¬
markable for his wit, which abounds in all his writings,
and particularly in his form on s 5 but at the fame time
they equally abound in ill-humour, fpleen, and fatire.
He was remarkable for being a time forver. During
the life of Cromwell he was a (launch Prefhyterian, and
then railed againft the Independents : at the Reitera¬
tion
Soap
II
South.