Encyclopaedia Britannica, or, a Dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature : enlarged and improved. Illustrated with nearly six hundred engravings > Volume 8, ELE-FOR

E N T O M
Hans Sloane, in the years 1707 and 172 c, publifrie.d
a Voyage to the Illands of Madeira, Barbadoes, Nevis,
Saint Chriftophers and Jamaica.
Henry Ruifch in 1710 and 1718 publiihed Theatrum
XJniverfale omnium Animahum.
J. Petiver publirt'.ed in 1715 his leones et Nomina
Jjtquatilium Animahum Amboina.
Richard Bradley publifhed in 1721 his Philofophical
.Account of the Works of Nature.
Linnaeus, the moft celebrated natural hiftorian the
world ever produced, in his firft edition of the Syjiema
Nature?, publiihed in 1735, divided infers into four
orders, from the number and different appearances of
their wings j 1. Coleoptera ; 2. Angtoptera ; 3. Hemip-
tera; znCi q. Aptera. This was but an imperfect Iketch,
a firft effay. In the fubfequent editions of the Syftem of
Nature which he publithed, to the number of twelve,
he completed the arrangement of infects, of which we
need fay nothing here, as we have followed it in pre¬
ference to all others *, and moft authors who have writ¬
ten on the fubjedt for more than half a century pail
have either followed it clofely, or with very flight al¬
terations. His extenfive genius embraced all the three
kingdoms of nature. In botany and entomology in
particular he far excels all who went before him, and
as yet remains unrivalled. Writers on entomology be¬
came fo numerous after Linnaeus had publiihed his
Syftem of Nature, and eftabliihed entomology on a folid
foundation, that a mere enumeration of their names
and titles of their books would occupy more room than
we can aft’ord to beftow on this article ; we {hall there¬
fore only notice a few of the moft remarkable.
Charles Degeer, in his Memoires pour fervir a PUif-
toire Aes Infetfes, in 1752, has arranged infects into four¬
teen orders, diftinguiftied by the different appearances
nf the various parts which compofe their bodies, particu¬
larly the elytra, wings, and moft remarkable parts of
the head. He publiihed again in 1778.
M. de Reaumur publiihed his Memoires pour fervir a
PHiftoire des Infecles at Paris in 1737. No one has
paid fo much attention to the habits of infects, and to
every thi g that concerns them, as Reaumur. He ought
to be read by every ftudent of entomology.
John Retzius, has fimplified the arrangement of
Degeer, in a fmall work entitled Genera st Species
InfeBorum. But although in this arrangement he has
followed ihe meihod of Degeer, the terms he has made
ufe of are principally thofe ofvLirmaeus. Plis 14 orders
are, 1. Lepidoptera. 2. Alinguia. 3. Neuroptera.
4. Hymenoptera. 5. Siphonata. 6. Dermaptera.
7. Hemiptera. 8. Coleoptera. 9. Hafterata. 10. Pro-
bofeidea. 11. Suftoria. 12. Ancenata. 13. Atra-
chelia. 14. Cruftacea.
M. Geoffrey, in his Hiftoire Abrege des IvfeBes, pub¬
liihed at Paris in 1762, has divided infe&s into fix or¬
ders*, Coleopteres, Hemipteres, Tetrapteres ailes fari-
neufes, Tetrapteres ailes nues, Dipteres, and Apteres.
He determined his families by the number of the arti¬
culations of the feet, and his genera by charafters drawn
from all the parts of the body. He has formed a great
number of new genera.
John Antony Scopoli, in his Entomologia Carniolica,
-publifhed in 176.’, has followed the arrangement of
Linmeus, and only changes the names of fome of the
orders j e. g. Probofeidea, inftead of Hemiptera j Acu-
o l o G Y.’
leata, inftead of Hymenoptera ; Halterata, xnftead of
Diptera ; and Pedeftria, inftead of Aptera.
J. C, Schaeffer publifned in 1766, Elementa Entomo-
lofca, 135 tabuice cere excujpehe follows in many
points the method of Linnaeus. He divides inftwfts into
feven claffes. 1. Coleoplero-macroptera. 2. Coleop-
tero-microptera. 3. Hemiptera. 4. Hymeno-lepidop-
tera. 5. Hymeno-gymnoptera. 6. Diptera; and
7. Aptera. His firft and fecund claffes correfpond with
the Coleoptera of Linnaeus } the fourth with the Lepi¬
doptera, and the fifth with the Hymenoptera.
John C. Fabricius is the founder of a new fyftem of
Entomology, which he publfthed in his Syfema Natural
1775. lie diferiminates his orders and genera, by the
parts of the mouth, (injirumenta cibaria). He after¬
wards publifhed Species InfeBorum, Entomoiogia Syfe-
matica, and Mantiffa InfeBorum.
The arrangement of Fabricius has acquired great re¬
putation, efpecially on the continent. It may not there¬
fore be amifs to give a flight view of it. He divides
infedts into eight dalles.
Clafs I.
Clafs II.
Clafs III.
CMs IV.
Clafs V.
Clafs VI.
Clafs VIL
Clafs VIII.
Eleutherata. Mouth armed with jaws,
and four or fix feelers. The jaws naked
and free.
Ulanata. The jaws covered with an ob-
tufe helmet.
Sykistata. The jaws united with the
lip.
Agonata.
Unogata.
The under jaw wanting.
Mouth armed with jaws and
two feelers *, the under jaw generally
furnifhed with a fmall unguis or nail.
Glossata. Mouth furniflied with feelers,
and a fpiral tongue.
Rh YNGOTA. Mouth furniftied w ith a fhout,
and an articulated {heath.
AntliaYA. Mouth furnilhed with a hauf-
tellum and a (heath not articulated.
In a fupplement 'to his Entomoiogia Syfema tic a, he
has divided infe£ts into thirteen orders. 1. Eleutherata,
2. Ulonata. 3. Syniftata. 4. Piezata. 5. Odorata.
6. Mitofata. 7. Unogata. 8. Polygonata. 9. Klei-
ftagnatha. 10. Exoehnata. ii.Gloffata. 12. Rhyn-
gota. 1 3. Anthliata. He has lately publifhed a work
entitled Syftema Eleutheratorum, no more than two
volumes of which have as yet made their appearance.
Mofes Harris publifhed an Expofition of Englifh In-
feds, &c. with coloured plates, 1776.
Jo. Chrift publifhed Philofophia Entomologica ffens
feientia fundamenta, &c, Hamb. 177^’ ^vo*
Archiv. der Infehengefchichte heraufgege bet von.
Job. Cafp. Fuefly. Zurich, 1781.
Fr. Paul la, v. Schrank $ Enumeratio InfeBorum An-
frice indigenorum. Aug. Vindel. 1781.
P. Sim. Pallas; leones InfeBorum. Hamb. 1781.
A. W. Knock; Beytraege %ur hfektengefchichte,
1781.
James Barbut publifhed the Genera InfeBorum of
Linnaeus, exemplified by various fpecimens of Englifh
infeds drawn from nature. Lond. 1781. ^
John Nepomuk de LaichartLg, has divided infeds
into ten orders, charaderized by the configuration of va¬
rious parts of the body. He adheres pretty clofely to