Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan … > Volume 2, C-L

CANGES, a large river of the hither India, rifes in the
mountains which leparate India from Tartary; and,
running from the north weft mthe fouth eaft near 1500
miles through the Mogul’s dominions, difcharges it-
fe!f by feveral channels into the bay of Bengal.
GANGI, or Cooler, a town of Golconda, in the hi¬
ther India: E. long. 790, and N. lat. 160.
GANGLIO, or Ganglion, in furgery, a hard tu¬
be! cle, generally moveable, in the external or inter¬
nal part of the carpus, upon the tendons or ligaments
in that part, ufually without any pain to the pa¬
tient.
GANGRENE, a very great and dangerous degree of in¬
flammation, wherein the parts affedted begin to cor¬
rupt, and put on a ftate of putrefadiion. See Medi¬
cine and Surgery.
GANTLET, or Gauntlet, a large kind of glove,
made of iron, and the figures covered with fmall plates.
It was formerly worn by cavaliers, when armed at all
points.
GAOL, a prifon, or place of legal confinement.
Gaol delivery, is where a commifiion or patent is
granted by the king in the nature of a letter, to cer¬
tain perfons, who are thereby appointed his juftices,
or to two or three of them, authoriling them to deliver
) GAR
his gaol, at fuch a place, of the prifoners contained
therein ; and for that end it commands them to meet at
fuch a place, at the time they themfelves lhall appoint,
when the IherifF of the county is commanded to bring
all the prifoners in the gaol before them, <bc.
GAP, a city and bifhop’s fee of Dauphine, in France,
eighteen miles welt of Embrun : E. long. 50 46', N,
lat. 440 32'.
GARBE, in heraldry, a Iheaf of any kind of grain,
bore in feveral coats of arms, and faid to reprefent
fummer, as a bunch of grapes does autumn.
GARCINIA, in botany, a genus of the icofandria mo-
nogynia clafs. The flower confifts of four roundifli
patent petals; and the fruit is a large unilocular co¬
riaceous berry, containing eight hairy and flelh-y feeds,
convex on one fide, and angular on the other. There
are two fpecies, none of them natives of Britain.
GARDA, a town of the Veronefe, in Italy, fubjedt to
Venice: E. long. n°, N. lat. 450
GARDANT, ocGuardant, in heraldry, denotes any
bealt full faced, and looking right forward. See
Plate LXXXVII. fig. 6. which reprefents a lion gar-
dant.
GARDELEBEN, a town of Bradenburg, in Germany:
E. long. 110 45', N. lat. 520 40'.
G A R D E MIN G.
GARDENING, a branch of agriculture, containing
the cultivation of gardens.
The fimplelt idea of a garden, is that of a fpot em-
bellilhed with a number of natural objedts, trees, walks,
polilhed parterres, flowers, ftreams, tec. One more com¬
plex comprehends llatuss and buildings, that nature and
art may be mutually ornamental. A third approaching
nearer perfedtion, is of objedts afiembled together, in or¬
der to produce, not only an emotion of beauty, eflential
to every garden, but alfo fome other particular emotion,
grandeur for example, or gaiety. The mod perfedl idea
of a garden is an improvement upon the third, requiring
the feveral parts to be arranged in fuch a manner, as to
infpire all the different emotions that can be raifed by gar¬
dening. In this idea of a garden, the arrangement is an
important circumftance; for fome emotions figure belt in
conjundtion, and others ought always to appear in fuc-
■ceflion and never in conjundtion. When the mod op-
jjofite emotions, fuch as gloominefs and gaiety, dillnefs
and adtivity, follow each other in fucceflion, the pleafure
on the whole will be the greated ; but fuch emotions
ought not to be united, becaufe they produce an unplea-
fant mixture. For that reafoti, a ruin, affording a fort
of melancholy pleafure, ought not to be fefen from
a flower-parterre, which is gay and cheerful: but to
pafs from an exhilarating objedt to a ruin, has a fine
effedf; for each of the emotions is the more fenfibly felt
Ijy being contraded with the other. Similar emotions,
on the other hand, fuch as gaiety and fweetnefs, dillnefs
Vol. II. No 53. 2
and gloominefs, motion and grandeur, ought to be raifed
together ; for their effedfs upon the mind are greatly
heightened by their conjundtion.
Kent’s method of embellilhing a field, is admirable ;
which is, to paint a field with beautiful objedts, natural
and artificial, difpofed like colours upon a canvas. It re¬
quires indeed more genius to paint in the gardening Way:
in forming a ianfeape upon a canvas, no more is required
but to adjud the figures to each other: an artid who
lays out ground in Kent’s manner, has an addditional tafk;
he ought to adjud his figures to the feveral Varieties of
the field.
One garden mud bedidinguifhed from a plurality ; and
yet it is not obvious wherein the unity of a garden con-
fids. A notion of unity is indeed fuggeded from viewing
a garden furrounding a palace, with views from each
window, and walks leading to every corner: but there
may be a garden without a houfe; in which cafe, what
makes it one garden, is the unity of defign, every fingle
fpot appearing part of a whole. The gardens of Ver-
failles, properly exprefled in the plural number, be¬
ing no fewer than fixteen, are indeed all of them coa-
nerfed with the palace, but have fcarce any mutual con¬
nexion : they appear not like parts of one whole, but ra¬
ther like fmall gardens in contiguity. Were thefe gar¬
dens at fome didance from each other, they would have
a better effeX: their junXion breeds confufion of ideas,
and upon the whole gives lefs pleafure than would be felt
in a flower fucceflion.
6 Z
Regularity