Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan … > Volume 2, C-L

C R E ( 200 ) C R E
zW. 4. The globicera, has a yellow protuberance be¬
tween the noflrils, and is of a blueifh black colour: It
is likewife a native of Brazil. 5. The pauxi, or
Mexican pheafant of Briffonius, is of a blueifh colour,
with blue wax, and the tip of the tail and belly white :
It is a native of Mexico.
CRAYON, a name for all coloured ftones, earths,
or other minerals ufed in deftgning or painting in paftel.
Crayons may be made of any colour, and adapted for
the faces of men, women, landfcapes, clouds, fun-
beams, buildings, and fliadows, in the following man¬
ner : Take platter of Paris, or alabatter calcined, and
of the colour of which you intend to make your cray¬
ons, a fufficient quantity: grind them firft afunder,
and then together, and with a little water make them
into a patte: theil roll them with your hand upon the
grinding ftone into long pieces, and let them dry mo¬
derately in the air: when they are to be ufed, fcrape
them to a point like a common pencil.
CREAM, the fat part of the milk that fwims upon the
furface.
Cream of tartar. See Chemistry. *
CREAT, in she menage, an ufher to a riding matter;
or, a gentleman bred in the academy, with intent to
make himfelf capable of teaching the art of riding the
great horfe.
CREATION, the producing fomething out of nothing,
which ftridtly and properly is the effedt of the power
of God alone, all other creations being only transform¬
ations, or change of ttiape.
CREDENTIALS, letters of recommendation, and
power, efpecially fuch as are given to ambaffadors, or
public minifters, by the prince or ftate that fends them
to foreign courts.
CREDIBILITY, a fpecies of evidence, lefs indeed
than abfolute certainty or demonftration. but greater
than mere poffibility : it is nearly allied to probability,
and feems to be a mean between poffibility and demon¬
ftration.
CREDIT, in commerce, a mutual trutt or loan of mer¬
chandize, or money, on the reputation of the probity
and fufficiency of a dealer. See Commerce.
CREDITON, a market-Jown in Devonffiire, conttder-
able for a good woolen manufactory: it is fituated a-
bout nine miles north-wett of Exeter, in 30 50' W.
long, and 509 5c/ N. lat.
CREDITOR, a.perfon to whom any fum of money is
due, either by obligation, promife, or otherwife.
CREED, a brief fummary of the articles of a Chriftian’s
belief.
The moft ancient form of creeds is that which goes
under the name of the apoftolic creed; befides this,
there are feveral other ancient forms and fcattered
remains of creeds to be met with in the primitive re¬
cords of the church. The firft is a form of apoftoli-
cal dodtrine, collected by Origen; the fecond is a
fragment of a creed preferved by Tertullian; the third
vemains of a creed, is in the works of Cyprian; the
fourth, a creed compofed by Gregory Thaumaturgus,
for the ufe of his own church ; the firtb, the creed of
iLucian the martyr; the fixtb, the 'creed of the apo-
ftolical conftitutions. Befides thefe f9attered remains
of the ancient creeds, there are extant fome perfect
forms, as thofe of Jerufalem, Casfarea, Antioch, fac.
The moft univerfal creeds are. the apoftolical, the
Athanafian, and the Nicene creeds.
CREEK, the part of a haven where any thing is landed
from the fea.
CREEPER, in ornithology. See Certhia.
CREMA, a city'and bifhop’s fee of Italy, capital of a
dittriCt of the Milanefe, called from it Cremafco: it
Hands almoft in the middle between Milan and Man¬
tua, in xo° 15' E. long, and 450 20' N. lat.
CREMASTER, in anatomy. See Vol. I. p. 272.
CREMONA, a city of Italy, and capital of a dittriCf of
the Mifanele, called from it the Cremonefe, is fifuated
forty-five miles fouth-eaft of Milan, in 10s 3c/. E.
long, and 450 N. lat.
CRENATED, in botany. See Vol. L-p 646.
CRENCLES, in a fhip, fmall ropes, fpliced into-the
bolt-ropes of the fails of the main-matt and fore-matt.
They are faftened to the bow-line bridles ; and are al-
fo to hold by, when a bonnet is ffiaken off.
CRENELLE', or Imbattled, in heraldry, is ufed
when any honourable ordinary is drawn, like ^he bat¬
tlements on a wail to defend men from the enemies
(hot. See Plate LXVL fig. 6.
CRENOPHYLAX, in antiquity, a magiftrate at Athens,
who had the infpeCHon of fountains.
CREPANCE, in the menage, a chop, or cratch, in a
horfe’s leg, given by the fpunges of the ffioes of one
of the hinder feet croffing and fttiking againft the o-
ther hinder foot. This cratch degenerates into an
ulcer.
CREPIS, in botany, a genus of the fyngenefia polyga-
mia asqualis clafs. The receptacle is naked; the calix
is caliculated, with deciduous fcales; and the pappus
is plumofej and furniffied with a ftipes. The fpecies are
fourteen, three of which are natives of Britain, viz.
the tedfarum, or fmooth fuccory hawk-weed ; the bi¬
ennis, or rough fuccory hawk-weed ; and the fcetida,
of (linking hawk-weed.
CREPUNDIA, in antiquity, a term ufed to exprefs
fuch things .as were expofed along with children, as
rings, jewels, tec', ferving as tokens whereby they af¬
terwards might be known.
CRESCENT, the new moon, which, as it begins to
recede from the fun, fliews a little rim of light, ter¬
minating in points, called horns., that are ftill encrea-
fing, till it is in oppofition to the fun, at which time
it is full moon, or quite round.
Crescent, in heraldry, a bearing in form of a new
moon. See Plate LXV. fig. 10.
It is ufed either as an honourable bearing, or as the
difference to diftinguifh between elder and younger-fa-
mdies; this being generally affigned to the fecond fon,
and thofe that defcend from him. The figure of the
crefcent is the Turkifti fymbol, with its points looking
towards the top of the chief, whicffis its moft ordir.a-'
ry reprefentation, called crefcent montant. Crefcents
are faid to be adoffed, when their backs are turned to¬
wards each other; a crefcent is faid to be inverted,
when