Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan … > Volume 2, C-L

CAR ( 35 ) C A R
The moulds and blocks for making cards, are ex-
adlly like thofe that were ufed for the firft bpoks : they
lay a (heet of wet or moiu paper on the block, which
is firft llightly done ov'er with a fort of ink made with
lamp-black diluted in water, and mixed with fome
ftarch to give it a body They afterwards rub it off
with a round lift. The court-cards are coloured by
means of feveral patterns, hyisA ftane-fihs. Thefe
coniift Of p ;pers cut through with a pen-knife, and in
thefe apertures they apply feveraliy the various co¬
lours, as red, black, <bc. Thefe patterns are paint¬
ed with oil-colours, that the brufhes may not wear
them out; and when the pattern is laid on the pafte-
' board, they flightly pafs over it a brufh full of colour,
which, leaving it within the openings, forms the face
or figure of the card.
Cards,, upon fufficient fecurity, may be exported
without payment of the ftamp-duty; but for every
pack fold without the label of the ftamp-office, in Eng¬
land, there is a penalty of 10I.
CARDAMINDUM, in botany. See Trop^olum.
CARDAMINE, lady’s smock, in botany, a genus of
the tetradynamia filiquofa clafs. The pod opens with
a fpring, and the valves are revoluted : The ftigma is
entire; and the calix gapes a little. There are fif¬
teen fpecies, feven of which are natives of Britain,
t/iz. - the bellidifolia, or daify-leaved lady’s-fmock ;
thepetraea, or mountain lady’s-fmock ; the pratenfis, or
common lady’s-fmock; the amara, bitter creffes, or
lady’s-fmock ; the impatiens, or impatient lady’s-fmock ;
the parviflora, or fmall flowered lady’s-fmock; and the
hirfuta, or hairy lady’s-fmock.
CARDAMOM, in materia medica, the feeds of a fpe¬
cies of amomum. They are diftinguilhed into the lef-
fer and greater. The- greater cardamom is a dried
fruit or pod containing two rows of fmall triangular
feeds of a warm aromatic flavour. The lefler is about
half the fixe of the former, and the feeds are confide-
rably ftronger both in fmell and tafte. Hence this
lort is the only one now ufed as a medicine. The
feeds are warm, grateful, pungent, aromatic, and fre-
. quently employed as fuch in pradlice.
Cx^lRDIAC, an appellation given to fuch medicines as
are fuppofed to preferve or increafe the ftrength of
. - the heart.
CARDIACA, in botany. See Leonurus.
CARDIALGIA, the heart-burn, in medicine, a
diforder of the ftomach attended with anxiety, a nan-r
fea, and often a reaching or a&ual vomiting. See
Medicine.
CARDIFF, a borough-town of Glimorganfliire, in
fouth Wales, fituated on the river Tave, about two
miles fouth-eaft of Landaff: W. long. 30 20 , N.
lat. 510 30'. It fend? only one member to parlia¬
ment.
CARDIGAN, the capital, of Cardiganlhire, near the
mouth of the river Tivy and the Iriih channel, about
thirty miles north of Pembroke : W. long. 40 40,
N. lat. .52° I5,> It gives the title of earl to the no¬
ble family of Brudenel, and fends only one member
to parliament.
CARDINAL, in a general fenfe, an appellation given
to things on account of their prehemintnee: thus we
fay, cardinal virtues, 6c.
Cardinal signs in the zodiac, are Aries, Libra,
'Cancer, and Capricorn.
Cardinal, more particularly fignifies an ecclefiaftical
prince in the Romilh church, being one who has a
voice in the conclave at the-election of a pope. The
cardinals were originally nothing more than deacons,
to whom was intrufted the care of diftributing the
alms to the poor of the feveral quarters of Rome;
and as they held aflembiies of the poor in certain
churches of their feveral diftridts, they took the title
of thefe churches. They began to be called cardinals
in the year 300, during the pontificate of St Sylveft-
er, by which appellation was meant the chief priefts
-of a parilh, and next in dignity to a bilhop. This
office grew more conftderable afterwards, and by fmall
degrees arrived at its prefent height, in which it is the
reward of fuch as have ferved his holinefs well, even
princes thinking it no diminution of their honour to
become members of the college of cardinals.
The cardinals compofe the pope’s council, and, till
the time of Urban VIII. were ftyled nioji illujlrious ;
but by a decree of that pope in 1630, they had the
title of eminence conferred upon them.
At the creation of a new cardinal, the pope per¬
forms the'ceremony of fnutting and opening his mouth,
which is done in a private ccnfiftory. The (hutting
his mouth, implies the depriving him of the liberty of
giving his opinion in congregations ; aud the opening
his mouth, which is performed fifteen days after, fig¬
nifies the taking off this reftraint. However, if the
pope happens to die during the time a cardinal’s mouth
is (hut, he can neither give his voice in the eledtiou
of a new pope, nor be himfelf advanced to that dig¬
nity..
The cardinals are divided into fix clafles or orders,
confifting of fix bifnops, fifty priefts, and fourteen
deacons, making in all feventy*; whic h conftitute the
facred college. The number of cardinal-bifliops has
very feldom been changed, but that of priefts and dea¬
cons have varied at differen: times.
The privileges of the cardinals are very great:
They have an abfolute power in the church during the
vacancy of the holy fee: They have a right to tied
the new pope, and. are the only perfons on whom the
choice can fall: Moft of the grand offices in the court
of Rome are filled by cardinals. The drefs of a
cardinal is a red foutanne, a rochet,, a.fhort purple
mantle, and the red hat. When they, are lent to the
courts of princes, it is in quality of legates « Aj/tw,-
and when they are appointed governors of towns,
their government is called by the name of legation.
Cardinal is alfo a title given to fome bilhops, as thofe
of Mentz and Milan, to the archbifhop of Bourges ;
and the abbot of Vendome Calls, himfilf cardinalis
natus.
Cardinal’s flower. See Rapuntium.
CARDIOlD, in the higher geometry, an algebraical
curve, fo called from its refeiiblance to a heart.
CARDIOSe