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14 Introduction.
thongation, as in root /3a, stem /3atv, verb ^alvio,
In the Gotliic we have ga becommg gang.
/3. After consonants. Only few examples in the Greek ;
e.g., root toju, ts/x, stem tij.iv, verb rifivu). In the
Latin we have sterno, spcrno, etc.
c. Affixation of a whole syllable, accompanied by nasali-
zation, of Avhich we can only find examples in the
Greek, e. g., ve, va, root So/i, stem Safxva, verb 8a/i-
vaw ; as av, by which the root-vowel becomes likewise
nasalized, root XaO, stem XavOav, verb XavOuvu).
4. RedupUcation ; root, fxva, reduplicated stem jut-jwvj), incho-
ative verb fxi-fxv{]-aK-h). Lat. root min, menrzSkr.
man=i.iva? stem me-min, verb memini.
All the more important methods of primary or pure stem-for-
mation are embraced under the preceding categories. There
are also a few exceptional cases, such as where an intensive s is
introduced into the root, e. g., root fiiy, stem fxiGy, verb fxiayci) ;
Latin, misceo (compare Ir. cmnmasc, commixtio), which must not
be confounded with the derivational sc of inchoative verbs. Be-
sides primary or pure stems, there are, however, other classes of
stems which are formed by the addition of a vowel, or of a
syllable ending with a consonant, and which will be described
hereafter. It may be well to observe here, that the circum-
stance of stems being formed by the addition of a whole syllable,
the introduction of an intensive s into the body of the root, etc.,
shows us how cautious we should be in concluding that stem-
forms, which at first sight appear extremely simple, are the roots
themselves. For example, (j)av and Kpiv, although apparently
forms of very moderate phonetic dimensions, have been, in
reality, enlarged from 0a and Kpi. Then again, it is necessary
to be careful to distinguish between the stem and the pure words
or stem-words. For example, iVoc and co7yus are true stems,
as is shown by attaching flexional elements to them ; thus, eVco--
oc contracted to etteoc, corpus-is softened to corpor-is. On the
other hand, <^tXt(w), \6yo{c:), fructu(s), are fvdl words, contain-
ing the derivational elements, w, g, s, respectively.
§. 4. Of Noun- formation, and Derivative Stems.
The formation of stems may be considered the first separation
of words into grammatical categories, but it does not complete it ;
for although some stems are essentially verbal, and others nomi-
nal, there are many which admit of being made the basis either
of verbs or of nouns. Tlie complete separation is only effected
when one of the signs which characterize the complete word is
thongation, as in root /3a, stem /3atv, verb ^alvio,
In the Gotliic we have ga becommg gang.
/3. After consonants. Only few examples in the Greek ;
e.g., root toju, ts/x, stem tij.iv, verb rifivu). In the
Latin we have sterno, spcrno, etc.
c. Affixation of a whole syllable, accompanied by nasali-
zation, of Avhich we can only find examples in the
Greek, e. g., ve, va, root So/i, stem Safxva, verb 8a/i-
vaw ; as av, by which the root-vowel becomes likewise
nasalized, root XaO, stem XavOav, verb XavOuvu).
4. RedupUcation ; root, fxva, reduplicated stem jut-jwvj), incho-
ative verb fxi-fxv{]-aK-h). Lat. root min, menrzSkr.
man=i.iva? stem me-min, verb memini.
All the more important methods of primary or pure stem-for-
mation are embraced under the preceding categories. There
are also a few exceptional cases, such as where an intensive s is
introduced into the root, e. g., root fiiy, stem fxiGy, verb fxiayci) ;
Latin, misceo (compare Ir. cmnmasc, commixtio), which must not
be confounded with the derivational sc of inchoative verbs. Be-
sides primary or pure stems, there are, however, other classes of
stems which are formed by the addition of a vowel, or of a
syllable ending with a consonant, and which will be described
hereafter. It may be well to observe here, that the circum-
stance of stems being formed by the addition of a whole syllable,
the introduction of an intensive s into the body of the root, etc.,
shows us how cautious we should be in concluding that stem-
forms, which at first sight appear extremely simple, are the roots
themselves. For example, (j)av and Kpiv, although apparently
forms of very moderate phonetic dimensions, have been, in
reality, enlarged from 0a and Kpi. Then again, it is necessary
to be careful to distinguish between the stem and the pure words
or stem-words. For example, iVoc and co7yus are true stems,
as is shown by attaching flexional elements to them ; thus, eVco--
oc contracted to etteoc, corpus-is softened to corpor-is. On the
other hand, <^tXt(w), \6yo{c:), fructu(s), are fvdl words, contain-
ing the derivational elements, w, g, s, respectively.
§. 4. Of Noun- formation, and Derivative Stems.
The formation of stems may be considered the first separation
of words into grammatical categories, but it does not complete it ;
for although some stems are essentially verbal, and others nomi-
nal, there are many which admit of being made the basis either
of verbs or of nouns. Tlie complete separation is only effected
when one of the signs which characterize the complete word is
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Early Gaelic Book Collections > Blair Collection > Celtic studies > (44) |
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Permanent URL | https://digital.nls.uk/75771666 |
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Description | A selection of books from a collection of more than 500 titles, mostly on religious and literary topics. Also includes some material dealing with other Celtic languages and societies. Collection created towards the end of the 19th century by Lady Evelyn Stewart Murray. |
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Description | Selected items from five 'Special and Named Printed Collections'. Includes books in Gaelic and other Celtic languages, works about the Gaels, their languages, literature, culture and history. |
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