On Roots, Stems, and Derivatives. 17
sometimes made by the addition of a wliole syllable, tlie consonant
forming the auslaut, taking the place of the declension vowel.
The forms produced in this way approach nearer to the character
of derivatives than those obtained by the mere addition of the
declension vowel, — indeed many of them have the character of
true derivatives.
In the Greek nouns in txiq, we have a perfectly analogous class
of stems formed by the addition of a syllable ending vocally
instead of consonantally ; they arc, however, in part undoubted
derivatives formed by affixing the derivational suffix rrj to an
already fully formed stem. We may call all such stems, formed by
the addition of a syllable to verbal or nominal stems, which thus
perform, as it were, the fimction of roots. Derivative Stems, and
treat of them as a distinct class of vocaUc or consonantal stems,
according" as the suffix ends in a vowel or a consonant. But
as there is a real logical distinction between the true stems
which start from the root, and these pseudo-stems which are
derivatives of true stems, it will be better not to consider such
pseudo-stems under the head of stems, but to refer all of them
to the category of derivatives.
We have accordingly three distinct classes of true nominal
stems as regards their relations to the grammatical endings: —
1, primary or pure stems, to which the nominative s is directly
affixed; 2, stems Avhich require a vowel between them and the
ending ; and 3, stems formed by the addition of a syllable end-
ing in a consonant in place of a vowel. The second and third
classes may be called secondary stems or, better still, middle
forms, that is, intermediate between pure stems and true deri-
vatives. Of the pure stems some have vocalic and some conso-
nantal auslaut. The middle forms, produced by affixing a de-
clension vowel, may all be looked upon as vocalic ending stems,
while the middle forms, which result from affixing a consonantal
ending syllable, are consonantal stems.
The following table, to which I have likewise added the
derivative stems, will render the classification of stems above
given more intelHgiblc : —
I. True Stems formed from the Root.
Vocalic Stems. Consonantal Stems.
1 . Pure Stems. ] . Pure Stems.
2. Middle Forms produced by: 2. Middle forms or stems produced
a. affixing ihe declension vowels, by affixing a syllable ending
a, i, u. consonantally to the root.
b. ya-stems, or, a-stems, with an
intercalated / (y) before the de-
clension vowel.