Education > Elements of universal history on a new and systematic plan

NINETEENTH CENTURY A. D.
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Bonaparte to Spain. Murat became king of Naples, 1808, but
all his attempts to reduce Sicily were frustrated by General
Stuart and Admiral Martin. In 1812, Lord W. Bentinck was
instrumental in forming a new and liberal constitution for that
island. Murat, who had negotiated both with the allied sove¬
reigns and the French emperor during the hundred days,
ultimately sided with the latter, and invaded the Papal terri¬
tories, threatening also Northern Italy. The rout at Waterloo
decided his fate : exiled from his throne, he perished in a rash
descent on Calabria, 1815 ; Ferdinand IY. having shortly
before been reinstated in his dominions.
Upper Italy.—During the contests of the Republic and
the Empire, this portion of the peninsula became the theatre
of great events, which, together with the changes undergone
by its various states^ have already been incidentally noticed
under France. Th'e congress of Vienna, 1815, again estab¬
lished the preponderance of Austria, and erected northern Italy
into the following six governments1. The kingdom of Sar¬
dinia, under Victor Emmanuel, who regained the whole of his
continental territories except Savoy, together with the duchy
of Genoa; 2. The Venetian provinces, with Mantua and Milan,
were erected into the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, and
given to Austria ; 3. The house of Austro-Este was replaced
in the sovereignty of Modena; 4. The sovereign duchy of
Parma became a principality for the ex-empress, Maria Louisa;
5. The Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was reinstated as
grandduke of Tuscany ; and, 6. Lucca became a sovereign
state for the ex-queen of Etruria. Sardinia was afterwards
increased by the addition of Savoy, taken from France at the
second peace of Paris.
Switzerland.—This country underwent the same vicissi¬
tudes as its neighbours, Italy and France. At last, after
several petty revolutions, general tranquillity was restored,
and a new federal compact formed at Zurich, 1815. The
cantons were increased from nineteen to twenty-two by the
addition of Geneva, Neuchatel, and Vallais, all recovered from
France.
GERMANY.
Francis II. succeeded to the dominions of Austria and the
imperial title at the period of the first war of the revolution,
1792, in which he struggled long, and at last successfully,
against a most formidable enemy. By the battle of Marengo,