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On PJionolorjy in Irish. 159
cholno, do Idni chetlnitho, are opposed, for example, in great num-
ber, besides the regular ond des tumthe, dothahatrt toirse, by the
nom. fem., bandea criathnecJita, bandea tened, hires creitme, ciall
cech mind (tir tcurngiri may, Kke tir-n-erend, depend upon a
change of gender) ; by the gen., eisseirgi cr., the dat., do hi'cc catch,
illestur ferce, fomdin pectho, a rainn pectha, di red pectho, do de-
chrugud persine, isdiri ceneuil, hi claar cridi, di tnuntir cessair, do
each ceneolu serbe, oc ascnam tire tairngiri, hi foisite cesto, so that
it would appear the fluctuation could scarcely have been here
confined merely to writing. According to O'Donovan, 368, seq.^
aspiration in Modern Irish, also, is generally only usual in proper
names, akhough Keating used it also in other cases ; but it has
here inorganically extended itself to cases like Airdeasbog Chaisil
(the Archbishop of Cashel), and consequently is used as a purely
dynamic agent ; on the other hand, the above mentioned excep-
tion, which the family names with and Mac make, rests fully
upon the Old Irish anlaut laws.
(4.) The pronouns stand in such intimate combination, as well
with the substantive as with the verb, that many depend upon
both parts of speech, not merely as enclitic or procUtic, but even
penetrate between the preposition (verbal particle) and the verb.
Thus the anlaut of the noun is tmder the influence of the so-
called possessive pronouns, i.e., the genitive of the personal pro-
nouns, whether the latter appear in their complete form (absoluta
of Zeuss), or in a shortened form (infixa of Zeuss) ; mo, do, 3.
masc. a end in vowels, 3. fem. a., originally in s, the plurals, arh,
farii or bai'ii, i.e., bharii and ah, in nasals, hence : — mothol, moch-
land, imchuiniriug, domthoschid; thual-=idofual, itchdimthecht (in-
accurately, dosenmdthar, itsenmdthir, cutseitchi); achesta (inaccu-
rately apectha); aggnim; arnet, arndiis, armbrethre, arloure-ni,
arsdire-ni;farnintliucht,farcluu,forserce;ananman, ambes, accur-
sagad. This influence is even now still felt in : — mo mil, rnfuil,
do chos; a cheann; a ceann, a h-inghean; dr g-cinn; bhar g-cosa;
a g-cinn. The anlaut of the verb is dependent upon the pre-
ceding personal pronoun (infixa of Zeuss), but the decision as to
their original auslaut is rendered more difficult by the contra-
dictory ways in which they are written, and also by the circum-
stance that ISIodern Irish has not this kind of combination. Vo-
cahc auslaut appears to be certain in 1. and 2. sing. — ni ni
charatsa, nomthachtar, nimtha, nimptha, fomchridichjider-sa,
nudamchrocha, cofordumthesid-se, fritumthiagar, fordomchoinai-
ther, rotchechladar ; we find, however, condumfel, aromfoimfea,
immiimforling, fomfirjidersa, romsoirsa, coatomsiiassar ; rodchiir-
sach, to be sure, is found in 3. sing. ; but, on the other hand, we
have iinniidforling, cenodjil, rondpromsoni (with rel. n.), n- and